iosr-JMCE   National Conference On "Innovative Approaches In Mechanical Engineering"

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Optimization of Engine Cylinder Fins for Varying Geometry and Material
Country	:	India
Authors	:	B.Bheemaraju

Abstract: The Engine cylinder is one of the major automobile components, which is subjected to high temperature variations and thermal stresses. Fins are provided on the cylinder to increase the rate of heat transfer to cool the cylinder. It is helpful to know the heat dissipation inside the cylinder by doing thermal analysis on the engine cylinder fins, The principle implemented in this project is to increase the heat dissipation rate by using the invisible working fluid, nothing but air. It is known that by increasing the surface area the heat dissipation rate can be increased. Designing of such a large complex engine is very difficult. The main purpose of using these cooling fins is to cool the engine cylinder by air..........

[1]. Cylinder fin construction by Roland, Chilton Gagg, Rudolph F. V,Assignee: REED PROPELLER CO INC
[2]. Horizontal heat dispensing fins of cylinder body by Lee, Chang Chi (Fengyuan City, TW),Attorney, Agent or Firm: ROSENBERG, KLEIN & LEE (3458 ELLICOTT CENTER DRIVE-SUITE 101, ELLICOTT CITY, MD, 21043, US)
[3]. OPTIMISED SURFACE FOR FREEZING CYLINDER by Assignee: TETRA LAVAL HOLDINGS & FINANCE S.A. (Avenue Général-Guisan 70, Pully, CH-1009, CH) HERMANSEN, Carsten (Vagtelvej 25B, Aarhus V, DK-8210, DK)Attorney, Agent or Firm:PATENTGRUPPEN A/S (Aaboulevarden 31, 4th floor, Aarhus C, DK-8000, DK)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Performance Analisys of Cascade Refrigeration System with and Without Phase Change Material
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R.Hanuma Naik || K.Ramachandra Manohar

Abstract: As the technology is developing in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning, remarkable comfort and saving are achieved. Maintaining the required low temperature and the cost is low. The main aim is to improve & extend the self life. The low temperature is obtained mostly by vapour compression refrigeration cycle, but it has its own limitations in producing low temperature. Hence for low temperature production multiple compression binary vapour cycle is used. The concept is that the cooling produced in first cycle evaporator is used to cool the condenser of second cycle, which reduces the cooling capacity in condenser and enables to produce very low temperature for various cold storage applications. Further the low temperature side cooling is given to a Phase Change Material (PCM) and the cooling is stored in PCM, this cooling is sustained up to 20 hours without operation of cycle, thus maintaining the low temperature of the products even without continuous power supply. In this project a binary vapour cycle is designed to produce a temperature of -200C.

Keywords: Cascade, Phase Change Material, Refrigeration

[1]. Cabeza, L.F., Mehling, H., Hiebler, S., Ziegler, F. (2002). Heat transfer enhancement in water when used as PCM in thermal energy storage. Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 22, p. 1141-1151.
[2]. Butala, V., Stritih, U. (2009). Experimental investigation of PCM cold storage. Energy and Buildings, vol. 41, no. 3, p. 354-359.
[3]. Vakilaltojjar, S.M., and Saman, W. (2001). Analysis and modelling of a phase change storage system for air conditioning applications. Appl. Thermal Eng., 21, 249-263.
[4]. Omer, S.A., Riffat, S.B., and Ma, X. (2001). Experimental investigation of a thermoelectric refrigeration system employing a phase change material integrated with thermal diode (thermosyphons). Appl. Thermal Eng., 21, 1265-1271.
[5]. Riffat, S.B., Omer, S.A., and Ma, X. (2001). A novel thermoelectric refrigeration system employing heat pipes and a phase change material: an experimental investigation, Renew. Energy, 23, 313-323. Refrigerated Warehouse using PCM ethylene , Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal, China, April-June 2001.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Thermal analysis and optimization of heat sink
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shashidhar N S || Balaji D Tandle

Abstract: To reduce the temperature of the components, various cooling techniques such as providing thermal vias under the device, using a fan to facilitate forced convection or using a heat sink (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) are explored to dissipate heat from the devices to the external ambient. This paper shows how an optimized heat sink design can be deployed effectively to bring down the temperature of devices within the system. The heat sink must be designed to meet space constraints and yet offer adequate surface area for heat transfer to minimize the temperature rise of the devices. Heat sinks with different parameters like fin configuration, fin width, fin height and number of fins (Table I) are analyzed. Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 show the types of heat sinks evaluated in the study

Keywords: Aluminum 6061, Air Serrated Fin

[1]. Thermal Design: Heat Sinks, Thermoelectrics, Heat Pipes, Compact Heat Exchangers, and Solar Cells

[2]. Wirtz, R. A., Sohal, R., and Wang, H., "Thermal Performance of Pin-Fin Fan-Sink Assemblies," Journal of Electronic Packaging, Vol. 119, March 1997, pp. 26–31.

[3]. Jonsson, H., and Bjorn, P., "Experimental Comparison of Different Heat Sink Designs for Cooling of Electronics," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Heat Transfer Division, HTD, Vol. 329, No. 7, Association of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1996, pp. 27–34.

[4]. Tahat, M. A., Babus'Haq, R. F., and Probert, S. D., "Forced Steady-State Convections from Pin Fin Arrays," Applied Energy, Vol. 48, No. 4, 1994, pp. 335–351.

[5]. Jung, H. H., and Maveety, J. G., "Pin Fin Heat Sink Modeling and Characterization," Sixteenth IEEE Semi-Therm Symposium, IEEE Publications, Piscataway, NJ, March 2000, pp. 260–265.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Design and Fabrication of Solar Water Heating System with Green House Effect
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Prof P.P.C. Prasad || Dr. K.Sammaiah

Abstract: A sun beam is transparent but it is having full of energy responsible for circulation of air, weather and all life is possible only under the sun. The total sun radiation reaches the earth may goes back to universe, if not absorbed and retained by the atmosphere due to green house effect. Solar water heating systems are now being used widely for domestic and commercial applications. Because of geographically tropical and also eco friendly, solar energy has to be developed further technically, solar energy is the best choice over the other unconventional energy sources. Solar energy absorption and retention requires technical skills for the development of the equipment. Black body radiation, green house effect by double glass system with recirculation of air is being planned to develop the equipment...........

Keywords – Solar radiation, Green house effect, black body radiation, pure water, hot water

[1]. Duffie J. A., Beckman W. A. Solar Energy Thermal Processes. New York, NY, USA: John Willey and Sons Inc; 1974.

[2]. Aremu A. K. The development, evaluation and parametric modelling of box type solar cooker [Ph.D. thesis] Ibadan, Nigeria: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan; 2004.

[3]. Tanaka M. A. S., Ito M. I., Braga C. A. S., Armond G. Solar heating of water for controlling phytopathogenic microorganisms, Solar thermal treatment of water to control pathogens. Fitopatologia Brasileira. 2003;28(4):386–393.

[4]. Rabbani M., Rahimi Y., Kazemi S. M., Samavati M. Satisfying the energy demand of a rural area by considering the investment on renewable energy alternatives and depreciation costs. Journal of Renewable Energy. 2014;2014:8. doi: 10.1155/2014/907592.907592 [Cross Ref]

[5]. Mbogo S. A. A novel technology to improve drinking water quality using natural treatment methods in rural Tanzania. Journal of Environmental Health. 2008;70(7):46–50. [PubMed]

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Conjugate Heat Transfer Studies of Milling Cutter Inserts
Country	:	India
Authors	:	N C Swapna Sri || Bachamoni Mahesh || Dr.A S Panwalkar

Abstract: Milling cutter inserts during cutting operation are subjected to high stresses and high temperatures. The power consumed during cutting operation is transformed into heat at insert tips. Part of the heat flows inside the inserts rising high temperature spots. Due to high temperatures prevailed over a long period affects the life of the inserts. Therefore it is necessary to estimate the temperature distribution inside the metal region of the insert. In some cases it is necessary to provide cooling for the cutter tips. In such cases combined mode of convective and conductive heat transfer takes place. For such application CFD techniques are very useful in predicting the temperature distribution pattern on the insert...........

[1]. Ng, E., Aspinwall, D. K., Brazil, D., and Monaghan, J., "Modeling of temperature and forces when orthogonally machining hardened steel", International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 39, Iss. 6, 1999, Page 115 p.885-903
[2]. Chou, Y. K. , Evans, C. J., and Barash, M. M., "Experimental investigation on CBN turning of hardened AISI 52100 steel", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 124, Iss. 3, 2002, p.274-283
[3]. Astakhov, V.P. Tribology of Metal Cutting; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2006
[4]. Shokrani, A.; Dhokia, V.; Newman, S.T. environmentally conscious machining of difficult-to-machine materials with regard to cutting fluids. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 2012, 57, 83–101.
[5]. Rivero, A.; Aramendi, G.; Herranz, S.; De Lacalle, L.N.L. An experimental investigation of the effect of coatings and cutting parameters on the dry drilling performance of aluminum alloys. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2006, 28, 1–11.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Pressure Drop, Reynolds Number and Temperature in the Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger on Cold Fluid Side in Outer Pipe
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R. Suvarna Babu || K.Suresh Babu || Dr. N.V.V.S.Sudheer

Abstract: Heat exchanger is a heat transfer device that is used for transfer of internal thermal energy between two or more fluids available at different temperatures. Heat exchanger is one of the important devices in cooling and heating process in the process, power, petroleum, transportation, air-conditioning, refrigeration, cryogenic, heat recovery, building, and others. In the present study, heat transfer from hot lubricant oil to cold water by double pipe heat exchanger which consist concentric tube for experimental setup, fabrication criteria are given. The length and diameter of the outer tube where cold water is flowing is very important design criteria apart from other parameters..........

Keywords - Coefficient of heat transfer, Double pipe Heat Exchanger, length and diameter, overall heat transfer coefficient

[1]. Jiangfeng Guo et al. "Optimization design of shell-and-tube heat exchanger by entropy generation minimization and genetic
algorithm", ELSEVIER, Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 2954–2960.
[2]. M. Yilmaz, O.N. Sara, S. Karsli, Performance evaluation criteria for heat exchangers based on second law analysis, Exergy, An
International Journal 1(4) (2001) 278–294.
[3]. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow, Wiley, New York, 1982.
[4]. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation Minimization, CRC Press, New York, 1995.
[5]. A. Bejan, A study of entropy generation in fundamental convective heat transfer, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer 101 (1979) 718–
725.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Experimental analysis of Condenser Inlet Diffuser Concept In Vapor Compression Refrigeration System By Using R404A
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Y. Chandrasekhar Yadav || Dr. M. Yohan

Abstract: This Paper Describes The Analysis Of Condenser Inlet Diffuser Concept In Vapor Compression Refrigeration System By Using R404a.A Condenser Inlet Diffuser For A Vapor Compression System Is Provided. The Diffuser Includes An Inlet To Receive A Compressed Refrigerant From A Compressor Of A Refrigeration System. The Refrigerant Leaving The Diffuser Having A Higher Pressure Level Than Refrigerant Entering The Diffuser. The Purpose Of A Compressor In Vapor Compression System Is To Elevate The Pressure Of The Refrigerant. In The Conventional Condenser, There Is A Pressure Drop Across The Tubes There By Increasing The Power Consumption Of The Compressor............

[1]. Yanghza, Mayitai, Liyie, Chenzhonghai and Malishan, 1999, "the performance study of some substitute for HCFC12 under varying operation condition", Applied Thermal engineering 19,801 to 806.
[2]. Jhinge, P.K. 1996 "Performance analysis of vapour Compression System cycle using R-12'', Journal of engineer, India, 76,211 to 217.
[3]. Akintunde, M.A. 2004 "Development of Vapour compression Refrigeration Systems based on balance points between the operational units" Ph.D thesis engineering, Federal university of Technology, In the department of Mechanical Akure, Nigeria.
[4]. Akintunde, M.A. 2004 "A Theroretical desigh model for vapour compression refrigeration systems". ASME J.73 (5): 1-14.
[5]. Akintunde, M.A. 2004b. "Experimental Investigation of the performance of vapour compression Refrigeration Systems". Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Current Trends in Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power Plants
Country	:	India
Authors	:	S.Veeramani || D V Sreekanth || K.Suresh Babu

Abstract: Conventional Thermal Power Plants have technologically proven systems and worldwide are used for power generation. The coal based plants have the disadvantage of pollution because of ash handling problems wherever the power plants are located. The overall cycle efficiency of standalone thermal power plants are limited to around 40 percent. In order to improve over all plant efficiency combined cycle power plants have been found to give a shape world over. As many Natural Gas resources have been discovered world over, they have been considered as a commercial fuel in many applications. The utilization of Natural gas in a topping gas turbine cycle followed by a steam turbine cycle using a waste heat recovery boiler has been found to improve the efficiency of the overall power plants. These kind of combined cycle power plants have been installed and are in operation............

Keywords - Gasification, syngas, gasifier, combined cycle, gas turbine, waste heat recovery, steam turbine

[1]. Kate Penney, Ian Cronshaw " Coal In India 2015" Report submitted to Department of Industry and Science, Govt of Australia
[2]. A. Chandra and H Chandra; "Impact of Indian and imported Coal on Indian thermal Power Plants" Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol 63, Feb2004, PP 156-162.
[3]. R E Andermann, G B Haldipur , "Development of Advanced Fludized Bed Coal Gasification Process," Westinghouse Electric corporation, Pennsylvania-Contract Report to ERDA/DOE.
[4]. Somnath Kundu " Coal In Combined Cycle- A new frontier for Power Generation" Presentation to GOI by L&T- Power Gen- In India and Central Asia , New Delhi -2012
[5]. A D Engelbrecht et al " Fluidized-bed gasification of high-ash South African coals: An experimental and modelling study" IFSA 2011, Industrial Fluidization South Africa.
[6]. Ian Barnes " Next Generation Coal Technology" CCC/187 ISBN 978-92-9029-507-5, Sep 11.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparison of Velocity Vector Components in a Di Diesel Engine: Analysis through Cfd Simulation
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. P. Manoj Kumar || Dr. S.L.V Prasad

Abstract: In direct injection (DI) diesel engines the effect of injection orientation on velocity vector components has high influence on engine performance as well as exhaust gas emissions. The fuel injection orientation plays very important role in fuel air mixing. A single cylinder four stroke DI diesel engine with fuel injector having multi-hole nozzle injector is considered for the analysis and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, STAR-CD is used for the simulation. Effect of injection orientation angle on in-cylinder fluid flow characteristics were analysed through velocity vector plots in DI diesel engine through CFD simulation. Two bowls are considered for this analysis i.e Mexican Hat Bowl..........

Keywords - Diesel Engine, Direct Injection Spray, Velocity Vectors, Mexican Hat Bowl, Toroidal Bowl, CFD

[1]. M. Auriemma, G. Caputo, F.E. Corcione, G. Valentino " Influence of a Swirling Air flow on an evaporating Diesel spray from a
Common Rail injection Injection System under Realistic Engine Conditions. " S.A.E. paper 2007-24-0021.
[2]. K. Kajiyama, K. Nishida, A. Murakami, M. Arai, H. Hiroyasu An Analysis of Swirling Flow in Cylinder for Predicting
D.I.Diesel Engine Peformance .S.A.E.paper 84051.
[3]. T. Bo, D. Clerides, A. D. Gosman and P. Theodossopoulos "Prediction of the Flow and Spray Processes in an Automobile DI
Diesel Engine" S.A.E. paper 970882.
[4]. A.D. Gosmen "State of the art of multi-dimensional modeling of engine reacting flows" oil and gas science technology,
Vol.54(1999).
[5]. Paul Rodatz, German Weisser, and Franz X. Tanner "Assessment of CFD Methods for Large Diese Engines Equipped with
Common Rail Injection System" S.A.E. paper 2000-01-0948.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Comparative Study of Porous Media Combustion Chamber in Diesel Engine for Different Fuel Blends In Terms Of Performance and Emissions
Country	:	India
Authors	:	B. V. Krishnaiah || Dr. B. Balu Naik

Abstract: The direct injection type of diesel engines are important choice for heavy duty applications as on-road, off- road, marine, and industrial usage particularly, because of their high break thermal efficiency. Based on the regulations of exhaust emissions and fuel economy the new combustion technology development is introducing to improve the efficiency of the diesel engine. we have improved the performance of the diesel engine and reduced the exhaust emissions with reducing of its cost of the fuel by development of porous media (PM) combustion technology for different fuel blends in this paper. The Silicon Carbide porous media (PM) is placed beneath of the fuel injector inside of the combustion chamber for homogeneous combustion. We determined performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine at 80% diesel,15% karanja oil and 5% additives. In this research work ethanol, n-butanal, and diethyl either are considered as additives. The simulation work is also carried out by using the modified KIVA-3V code on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine combustion with porous media..

Keywords - Porous Media, Bio Diesel, Blends, Ethanol, N-Butanol, Diethyl Ether, Kiva-3v

[1] M. Weclas, Porous media in internal combustion engines, in Cellular Ceramics-Structure, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications, M. Scheffler and P. Colombo, Eds, Wiley-VCH, Cambridge, UK, 2005.
[2] Kayal, T. K., and Chakravarty, M., 2007, Modeling of a Conceptual Self-Sustained Liquid Fuel Vaporization–Combustion System With Radiative Output Using Inert Porous Media, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran, 50(9), pp. 1715–1722.
[3] Martynenko, V., Echigo, R., and Yoshida, H., 1998, Mathematical Model of Self-Sustaining Combustion in Inert Porous Medium With Phase Change Under Complex Heat Transfer, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 41(1), pp. 117–126.
[4] Newburn, E. R., and Agrawal, A. K., 2007, Liquid Fuel Combustion Using Heat Recirculation Through Annular Porous Media, ASME J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power, 129(4), pp. 914–919.
[5] Mujeebu, M. A., Abdullah, M. Z., Mohamad, A. A., and Abu Bakar, M. Z., 2010, Trends in Modeling of Porous Media Combustion, Prog. Energ. Combus. Sci., 36(6), pp. 627–650.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Evaluation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Four Stroke Diesel Engine with Mahua Bio-Diesel Blends
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. V. Naga Prasad Naidu || Dr. R. Rama Chandra || Mr. P. Hussain Babu

Abstract: In recent years the search for alternative fuels has become inevitable due to fast depletion of fuels and huge demand for diesel in transport, power and agricultural sectors. One of the best alternatives is Bio-Diesels obtained from different Vegetable oils. The present study focuses on Evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine with Mahua biodiesel blended with diesel in various proportions like B0, B05, B10, B15, B20 and B25. The performance is compared with diesel fuel, on the basis of brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and emissions of hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. This study reveals that the performance of the engine with Mahua biodiesel blends differs marginally from diesel fuel and hydrocarbon emissions are less than diesel. It is also observed that the Mahua biodiesel B20 can be used as a fuel for diesel engine without any engine modification

Keywords - Alternative fuels, Emissions, Hydro Carbons, Performnce and Mahua Bio Diesel blends

[1]. Cummins, C., Lyle, Jr. (1993). Diesel's Engine, Volume 1: From Conception to 1918.Wilsonville, OR, USA: Carnot Press, ISBN 978-0-917308-03-1.
[2]. Agarwal A.K and Das L.M, Bio diesel development and characterization for use as a fuel in CI engine, Transaction of ASME 2001-123, 440- 447
[3]. Bari, S., Lim, T.H., Yu, C.W. (2002). Effect of preheating of crude palm oil on injection system
[4]. MK Senthil,A Ramesh,Performance studies on CI Engine using methyl ester of Jatropha as afuel,XVI National conference on IC Engines-calcutta,India-2000:89-94
[5]. Plank C E lobeer, Quality control vegetable oil Methyl esters used as diesel fuel substitute, Journal of high resolution chromatography-1992.
[6]. Bio energy Technology (BE) World Renewable Energy Congress-2011 Sweden,8-13 May 471-478
[7]. Report of the committee on Development of Bio fuels-Planning Commission, Government of India

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Determination of Thermal Properties of Ass 304 and Prediction of Thermal Conductivity Using Artificial Neural Networks
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Lingampally Swetha || Srinivasu Chadaram

Abstract: In the present era there is an immense use of Austenitic stainless steels, Extra deep drawn steel and Ni-super alloys. Mainly we find their applications in automobile industries, aircrafts, house-hold appliances etc. In the proposed project, thermal properties like thermal conductivity, heat capacity and radiation shape factor of austenitic stainless steel (deformed material), extra deep drawn steel and nickel super alloy (tools) will be calculated. These experiments are conducted from 100 o C to 400oC to calculate these thermal properties. In the proposed project also predicts the thermal conductivity of the above mentioned materials using Artificial neural networks. Better agreement of predicted effective thermal conductivity values are obtained by using artificial neural networks with the experimental results. All the experiments are carried out in the research lab at GRIET.

[1]. M. J. Peet1∗ , H. S. Hasan2 and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia1Published in the International Journal of Heat and Mass TransferVol. 54 (2011) page 2602-2608 doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.01.025.
[2]. O. Altun a,*, Y. Erhan Boke b, A. Kalemtas (Problems for determining the thermal conductivity of TBCs by laser-flash method).
[3]. Sidney.H.Avner; Introduction to Physical Metallurgy (New York: Mc Graw Hill 1964)
[4]. Khaleel Ahmed, J. Krishnan Post weld heat treatment-case study BARC newsletter, centre for Design and Manufacture. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.
[5]. Ravi Kumar D. formability analysis of extra-deep drawing steel. Journal of Material process and Technology 2002; 130-131:31-41.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Performance Analysis of Inlet-Outlet Valve Time Parameters Applied to Automobile Industry
Country	:	India
Authors	:	K. Ashok Reddy || A. Sreenivasa Rao || M. Mahinder Reddy || G. Arun Reddy

Abstract: We have reviewed technical ,numerical and experimental papers of different investigators proposed new innovation ideas in the development of valve timing parameters for diesel and petrol engines single or multi cylinder two or four stroke engines in this paper. Development in advanced Variable Valve Actuation technology with Multi Air system and to improve engine performance parameters like specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency etc. in automobile industry, experiments were conducted by adjusting the valve lift and opening period in rocker arms and testing various follower configurations in a commercially-available rocker............

[1]. Mateos Kassa, Carrie Hall, Fabien Vidal-Naquet, "Thomas Leroy The Impact of Intake Valve Dynamics on Knock Propensity in a Dual-Fuel SI Engine", SAE International, 2017-01-2236
[2]. Xianlin Ouyang, Ho Teng, Xiaochun zeng, Xuwei Luo, Tingjun Hu, Xianlong Huang, Jiankun Luo, Yongli Zhou, "A Comparative Study on Influences of EIVC and LIVC on Fuel Economy of A TGDI Engine Part I: Friction Torques of Intake Cams with Different Profiles and Lifts ", SAE International, 2017-01-2245