iosr-JMCE   National conference on advances in Traffic, Construction Materials and Environmental Engineering (ATCMEE)

Abstract: Non-destructive testing is a descriptive term used for the examination of materials and components in such way that allows materials to be examined without changing or destroying their usefulness. NDT is a quality assurance management tool which can give impressive results when used correctly. It requires an understanding of the various methods available, their capabilities and limitations, knowledge of the relevant standards and specifications for performing the tests. NDT techniques can be used to monitor the integrity of the item or structure throughout its design life. Damage to a structure may occur due to a lot of natural and artificial causes like earthquakes, tsunamis, etc. Instead of demolishing the whole building, such damages can be repaired and rehabilitated up to a certain range for future use within its life span.

1] Gol-UNDP disaster, risk management program. "Condition assessment of buildings for repair and upgrading". June 2007. National disaster management division, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi.
[2] IS 13311 (Part I and Part II) - Indian Standard Codes For Non- Destructive Testing.
[3] IS 456: 2000. Plain and reinforced concrete – code of practice (4th revision) 4th reprint October 2001
[4] IS 516-1959 Indian Standard code for compressive strength of concrete.
[5] Suresh Chandra patnaik. Causes, evaluation and repair of cracks in concrete structures.

Abstract: Concrete quality is controlled by the flow behavior of cement paste, which is related to the dispersion of cement particle. Superplasticizers(SPs) provide the possibility of better dispersion of cement particle and also provide better workability. In this work two kinds of new generation SPs were used. The strength of concrete in tension is much lower than in compression. A growing tensile crack in plain concrete can very soon lead to failure. The load carrying capacity of concrete in tension can be increased by the addition of fibers. The incorporation of fibers in the concrete leads to an increase in the tensile strength and improvement in cracking resistant.

[1]. Concrete Technology, M.S. Shetty – 2007

[2]. IS 10262:2009 Concrete mix proportioning –guidelines (first revision).

[3]. IS 456:2000 Plain and reinforced concrete–code of practice (fourth revision)

[3] High Performance Concrete: Properties and Applications-by SP SHAH & SH AHMAD.

[4] The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol.80, June 2006

Abstract: Interlocking concrete paver blocks (ICPB) are brick-like piece of concrete commonly used as exterior flooring which can be used as an alternative pavement to asphalt and concrete pavements. ICPB is formed from individual concrete paver blocks (CPBs) that fit next to one another on a suitable sub base leaving a specific joint space among them to be filled with jointing sand. The main aim of this study is to produce interlocking concrete paver blocks from industrial wastes .The main reason for the use of the industrial wastes is to reduce the landfill problem and also to control the depletion of the natural resources.

[1] Concrete lock paving guidelines from concrete manufacturing association.
[2] Indian standard for precast concrete blocks for paving I.S 15658:2006.
[3] Indian standards for Concrete mix proportioning I.S 10262:2009
[4] Kumar. S, "Fly ash-lime- phosphogypsum cementitious binder: A new trend in paver blocks'' Department of Civil Engineering, B.I.E. T, Jhansi, India. Paper received: March 3, 1999; Paper accepted: June 22, 1999.

Abstract: Superplasticizer which is also known as high range water reducers are chemical admixtures used where well-dispersed particle suspension is required. These polymers are used as dispersants to avoid particle segregation, and to improve the flow characteristics of concrete. Flocculation of cement particles occur in a concrete mix without superplasticizer which reduces the workability of concrete, however for the same water-cement ratio there is a uniform distribution of cement particles for a concrete mix with superplasticizer. This paper is a study of the effect of three different types of superplasticizer namely: Sulphonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde (SNF), Poly Carboxylate Ether (PCE) and Modified Poly Carboxylate Ether (MPCE) on the workability and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixtures.

[1] M.S. Shetty, "Self-Compacting Concrete" in Concrete Technology Theory and Practice, 7th ed., vol. 1, S. Chand and company Private, Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi,2013, pp.615-642
[2] IS 383 : 1970 – Specification - Code of practice
[3] IS 516 : 1959 – Methods of test for strength for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete
[4] IS 456 : 2000 – Plain and reinforced concrete of concrete
[5] IS 1199: 1959 – Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete
[6] IS 2386 : 1963 – Methods of test for aggregates for concrete

Abstract: Experimental and numerical study of torsional behavior of back to back angle section is presented in this paper. The equal size of cold formed steel angle sections are connected back to back through its full length with the help of bolt connection. Detailed measurement of material properties, residual stresses and geometrical imperfection were conducted. The section capacities were obtained from the test. The present study aims to determine the following parameters by conducting test on steel section loading condition, displacement behavior, stress behavior, maximum load and deflection. The experimental results are compared to the predicted numerical values with the reference of Indian Standard codes.

Keywords : Back to back connection, torsoinal behavior, bending test and moment resistance, numerical comparison.

[1] D. Popovic,1 G. J. Hancock,2 and K. J. R. Rasmussen3, Axial Compression Tests Of Cold-Formed Angles (J. Struct. Eng. 1999.125:515-523.)

[2] Ben Young, M.ASCE1 Experimental Investigation of Cold-Formed Steel Lipped Angle Concentrically Loaded Compression Members (J. Struct. Eng. 2005.131:1390-1396.)

[3] D. Popovic,1 G. J. Hancock,2 and K. J. R. Rasmussen3 Compression Tests On Cold-Formed Angles Loaded Parallel With A Leg (J. Struct. Eng. 2001.127:600-607. )

[4] G.J. Hancock , Cold-formed steel structures (Journal of Constructional Steel Research 59 (2003) 473–487 )

Abstract: Self-Compacted Hybrid fibres reinforced Ferro cement slabs are tested for their flexural behaviour and have been strengthened externally by GFRP. Totally18 slabs were casted the size of the slab includes 650mm X 300mm X 60mm. The varying parameter in this study includes percentage of hybrid fibres, number of layers of welded PVC coated wire mesh and number of layers of strengthening with GFRP laminates. Testing of slabs were done under two point loading setup. Test results for various parameters of study such as percentage of hybrid fibres and number of wire mesh and number of GFRP layers have been briefly discussed.

Keywords - Self-compacting concrete, Hybrid fibres, Ferrocement slabs ,GFRP laminates, Flexural behaviour.

1 G.C. Hoff, Use of steel fiber reinforced concrete in bridge decks and pavements, Steel Fiber Concrete, Elsevier Applied Sciences Publishers Ltd., 1986, 67-108. 2 P.N. Balaguru, and S.P. Shah, Fiber reinforced cement composites (McGraw International Edition, New York, 1992). 3 C.X. Qian and P.Stroven, Development of hybrid polypropylene steel fiber reinforced concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 30, 2000, 63 – 69. 4 Y. Wu, J. Li and K. Wu, Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete at Low Fiber Volume Fraction, Cement and Concrete Research, 30, 2003, 27-30. 5 K.Ramesh, D.R.Seshu, "Moment Curvature Characteristics of Hybrid Ferro Fiber Concrete (HFFC) Beam" Journal of Ferrocement, Vol.33, No.1, Jan 2003, pp. 15-28.

Abstract: Shear failure in concrete structures are very hazardous. These failures can be rarely predicted and happen suddenly. This paper presents the result of experimental investigation that was carried out to examine the shear resistance on longitudinally reinforced concrete beam without shear reinforcements. This experiment involves three series of beam, three of each totally nine numbers of simply supported beams, tested with a two point loading system. The variables of the investigation involve percentage of reinforcing steel and ratio of shear span to effective depth and all other parameters are left constant. The experimental test in this paper indicates the result of mode of failure and ultimate shear strength of a longitudinally reinforced concrete beam. The comparison with conventionally reinforced concrete beams was closest to the experimental results. Keywords: Shear span to effective depth, shear transfer mechanism, flexure, dowel action, Shear strength.

[1]. ACI 318-08: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary. (2007). Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute.
[2]. ASCE-ACI Joint Committee 426 (1973). "The shear strength of reinforced concrete members" J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 99(6), 1091–1188.
[3]. Chao-Wei Tang, Tsong Yen and How-Ji Chen(2009). Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Made with sedimentary Lightweight Aggregate without Shear Reinforcement. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2009.21:730-739.2.10
[4]. EN 1992-1-1: Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules andrules for buildings. (2004). Brussel: European Committee for Standardization.
[5]. Gaetano Russo, GiulianaSomma and Denis Mitri (2005) "Shear Strength Analysis and Prediction for Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups" J. Struct. Eng. 2005.131:66-74

Abstract: In recent times many places are threaten to terrorist attack and chemical explosion in Industry can create structure to collapse. Till now we design the structures to with stand in earthquake. Therefore designer should carry out earthquake resistant design with the blast resistant design knowledge in mind in order to be able to select the most suitable framing scheme that provide both earthquake and blast resistance. Ductility and structural integrity are essentially required for structures subjected to suddenly apply dynamic loads such as shock loads. Reinforced Concrete (RC), the most widely used construction material, possesses considerable mass, excellent Fire-resistance characteristics and can also absorb large amount of energy, if provided with proper detailing. However, one of the disadvantages of concrete is the possibility of spalling/scabbing when it is subjected to shock loading, which weakens the core and affects the integrity of the structure.

[1] Anandavalli, N.,Lakshmanan, N., Samuel Knight, G.M., Nagesh R. Iyer and Rajasankar, J. "Performance of Laced Steel-Concrete Composite (LSCC) Beams under Monotonic Loading", Engineering Structures, Vol.41,pp.171-185, 2012
[2] Anandavalli, N.,Lakshmanan, N., Samuel Knight, G.M. and Rajasankar, J."Numerical Simulation of Shock Response of Steel-Concrete Composite Panels",Journal of Structural Engineering, CSIR-SERC,Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 13-20,2012
[3] Borvik et al.(2009) "Response of structures to planar blast loads – A finite element engineering approach" Computers and Structures 87, pp 507–520.
[4] Dannis M. McCann, Steven J. Smith (2007), "Resistance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures", STRUCTURE magazine, pp 22-27, April issue.

Abstract: Ferrocement has been widely used in construction of various structural elements in the construction industry, apart from being used as hulls of ship in the ship building industry. It is possible to achieve considerable improvements in various properties of this Ferrocement slabs by substituting regular materials. This project aims to study and compare the structural behaviour of Ferrocement slabs of different ratios and its mechanical properties. The Ferrocement slabs are made by using cement and copper slag with constant layers of welded meshes. Copper slag is a waste material that is abundant and which is hard to dispose off. Copper slag provides considerable strength and its mechanical properties are quiet convincing. Performance of the tested slabs are presented and discussed in this project.

[1] S.K.Kaushik, V.K.Gupta, D.N.Trikha and S.Mini (1982) "Investigations on Ferrocement Cored Slabs", Journal of Ferro Cement
Proceedings Papers:
[2] Trikha D.N.Kaushik S.K, Gupta V.K., and S.Mini (1982) "Behavior of Ferrocement cored slabs", Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ferrocement, Bangkok, Thailand.
[3] Mansur M.A. and Paramasivam P. (1985) " Cracking Behaviour and Ultimate Strength of Ferro Cement in Flexure" Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ferrocement Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol.13, 1991, pg 49-59.
Journal Papers
[4] Tatsa E.Z., " Limit States Design of Feerro Cement components in bending",Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol.13, 1991 pp49-59.

Abstract: Planning of a town is not so common in India though some cities in India are very well planned (Chandigarh, Jaipur, Pondicherry, Delhi etc). Unplanned development leads to many undesirable effects such as space scarcity, large impact on available resource, poor connectivity, pollution, congestion, stagnation of drain, inefficient disposal of wastes etc. With good employment opportunities, healthcare, education and rapid development, Chennai has already attracted huge population from all around the state as well as from other states. Metro cities face the biggest challenge of allocating people with houses due to the galore of population and diversity of people with different needs. Thus in order to avoid further difficulties the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) has framed development control regulations with due consideration to Town and country planning act, in September 2008.

[1]. S.K.Garg, "sewage disposal & air pollution engineering", Khanna publishers
[2] S.K.Khanna & C.E.G. Justo, "Highway engineering", Khanna publishers
[3] M.G.Shah, C.M.Kamle, S.Y.Patki, "Building drawing with an integrated approach to built environment", fourth edition, Tata Mcgraw Hill publishers
[4] V.N. Vazirani, S.P. chandola, "Concise hand book of civil engineering",S.Chand publishers, New Delhi (2009)
[5] Development Control Regulations (volume 1 & volume 2), CMDA, 2008 National Building Code.

Abstract: Now a day's usage of cement is increasing day by day which has to be reduced since production of cement emits approximately equal quantity of co2. For environmental purpose it is our responsibility to find a supplement for cement. The material such as silica fume, ggbs, fly ash, rice husk ash etc can used as a supplement for cement. Rice husk ash is a waste product which is obtained from the burning of rice husk. It has been employed as an additive in many materials, including refractory brick, light weight concrete. The ash which produced under certain temperature consist of ninety percent silica and five percent alumina It's highly porous, light weight and has a high specific area.

[1] Godwin a. Akeke, Maurice e. Ephraim, Akobo, i.z.s and Joseph o. ukpata "structural properties of rice husk ash concrete" IJEAR Vol.1,may 2013. vol. 3, no. 3

[2] Pamnani Nanak J., Verma A.K., Bhatt Darshana R "Comparison between Mechanical Properties of M30 Grade Self Compacting Concrete For Conventional Water Immersion and Few Non-Water based Curing Techniques" ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-3, Issue-2, December 2013

[3] Vijai K., et.al. (2010), Study of effect of aggregate to Cement content in Self Compacting Concrete.

[4] P.Padma Rao, A.Pradhan Kumar, B.Bhaskar Singh "A Study on Use of Rice Husk Ash in Concrete" IJEAR Vol. 4, Issue Spl-2, Jan - June 2014.

[5] Kartini. k "Rice husk ash – pozzolanic material for sustainability" Vol. 1 No. 6; November 2011

Abstract: Bottom ash is the coarse material, which falls into furnace bottom and is getting collected in huge quantities in modern large Thermal Power Plants. One of the ways of utilizing this bottom ash is to use it as a partial replacement of sand in reinforced cement concrete. In this investigation, Bottom ash was obtained from Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd India. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete that does not require vibration for compaction. It is able to flow under its own weight, completely filling formwork and achieving full compaction, even in the presence of congested reinforcement.

[1] Okamura, H, "Self-Compacting High-Performance Concrete", Concrete International, page.50-54 (1997)

[2] Nan Su, et. Al, Department of Construction Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Touliu, Yunlin 640, Taiwan "A Simple Mix Design methods for Self-consolidating concrete", Cement and Concrete research, Vol 31, 2001, 1799-1807.

[3] Ratchayut Kasemchaisiri, School of Civil Engineering and Technology, Thammasat University, Thailand "Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete in Corporating Bottom Ash as a Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate" scienceasia1513-1874.2008.34.087-95.

[4] Mohd Syahrul Hisyam bin Mohd Sani, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Pahang, Malaysia "The Properties of Special Concrete Using Washed Bottom Ash(WBA) as Partial Sand Replacement", International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology Vol 1, No 2, December 2010

Abstract: Water is important and precious as it fulfils the basic necessity of life. It is necessary that the water used must be good and free from unwanted impurities or harmful toxic chemical compounds or bacteria More than 80 % of Indian population lives in rural areas, but only few of them have some form of potable water supply. It hasn't be feasible to cover all villages with piped water supply because of various constraints such as Scattered and inaccessible nature of villages, Non- availability of nearby water sources..

[1] S.K.Garg, Environmental Engineering (Vol.1) "Water Supply Engineering"
[2] S.K.Garg, Environmental Engineering (Vol.2) "Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution"
[3] N.Krishnaraju, "Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures"
[4] IS 1172:1993, Code of Basic Requirements for Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation (Fourth Revision)
[5] IS 2064:1993, Selection, Installation and Maintenance of Sanitary Appliances – Code of Practice (Second Revision)
[6] IS 3976:1985, Specification for Low Density Polyethylene Pipes for Potable Water Supplies (Second Revision)

Abstract:This paper explores the various safety and control measures (SCM) of accidents in building projects to minimize accidents' occurrence and consequent waste generation. A research methodology, consisting of a literature review and a field study were used to achieve the research objectives. The field survey involves a designed questionnaire that was administered through convenience sampling technique within Lagos State and descriptive analysis tools were used for the analysis. The field survey reveals different control measures in place and their rate of usage on building projects.

[1] A critical review on the evolution of the construction accident , Occupational Electrical Injuries in the United State (1992-1998) and recommendations for safety research, Journal of National Institute for Occupational safety and Health, U.S.A.

[2] Anna Levis, Jack Nickson a survey of construction site safety in china zeng, Aetna school of management, Journal of Construction Management (October) 23: 851-859.

[3] Aref charehzehi, Alireza Ahankoob, Johor Bahru enhance the safety performance at construction site, Journal of SH& E Research, Vol. 4, Number 1. 1-33.

[4] Bhimaraya A. Metri* analyse critical success factors for construction firms, The construction industry has lagged behind total quality management, America Industrial Hygene Conference, San Diego, CA.

[5] Brad Hardlry, Micheal Philp, health and safety plan in construction, volume 5 – fall from height. Research Report pp. 234-244.