iosr-JMCE   National Conference on Advances in Engineering, Technology & Management (AETM'15)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Common Problems in Bridges on Baddi-Nalagarh-Swarghat Road
Country	:	India
Authors	:	N. P. Singh || Alok Panday

Abstract:Though bridges generally have a design life of 75-100 years, there have been incidences where strengthening or rehabilitation of the bridges is required before their designed life span. The reasons may be many but in the case of Balad bridge, which is located on the National Highway no.21A near Baddi (Himachal Pradesh), the rehabilitation of the bridge was required due to deep scouring and lowering of the bed at one of the pier location. As the bridge was designed for the maximum anticipated discharge and corresponding scour depth such a deep scouring was never expected. Such an unexpected deep scouring forced to explore in detail any other possible reasons for the scouring. After gathering the information from the local people regarding similar problems in nearby other bridges, it appeared that there may be other factors associated with the problem and this necessitated the detailed investigations not only for the Balad bridge but also for other nearby bridges. Detailed investigations were therefore done to identify the root causes of the problem and suggest the rehabilitation measures accordingly. The investigations and findings along with the methodology used for the rehabilitation and proposed bed protection works for the Balad bridge have been discussed and presented in the paper.
Keywords: Bed protection, foundation settlement, grouting below foundation, mining, scouring

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Velocity Distribution in Compound Channel Flows by Numerical Modeling
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rashmi Rekha Das || K. K. Khatua || Sipra Rani Pradhan

Abstract: Rivers are always stuffs of attractiveness and the significant livelihood of an expenditure. compound section of a natural channel generally comprises a wider and rougher flood plain than main channel. The flow process in the open channel becomes more complicated at over bank stages due to the different hydraulic condition prevailing in the main channel and the adjoining flood plain. As the shallow flood plains offer more resistance to flow than the deep main channel, the velocity tends to be higher in deeper main channel than the shallow flood plain. This variation of velocity between deep main channel section and the adjoining shallow flood plains raise the lateral momentum transfer, which further complicates the flow process. In the present work an experiment for the depth average velocity at different points of the channel cross section in lateral direction is carried out by using ADV, for a compound channel having width ratio2.923 with differential roughness (the ratio of base n value of flood plain surface roughness to main channel roughness ) 2.0833m^(-1/3)sec. The numerical model using ANSYS fluent as a result of developing simulation model for velocity and flow depth are compared with laboratory data for flow in a compound channel that consists of a main channel and symmetric flood plains set at a fixed bed slope. Reasonable agreement between the numerical results and experimental data is shown for steady uniform flow located at a section at a distance of 8.5m from the start end.
Keywords: compound rough channel, depth average velocity, differential roughness, momentum transfer, simulation model. Velocity contour.

[1] sellin, r.h.j. (1964). "a laboratory investigation into the interaction between flow in the channel of a river and that of its flood plain". la. houilte blanche, no. 7, pp. 793-801.
[2] zheleznyakov, g.v. (1971)."Interaction of channel and floodplain streams". Proc.14th congress of iahr, vol. 5, paris, france, pp. 144-148.
[3] wormleaton, p.r. and hadjipanos, p. (1985). "flow distribution in compound channels". j. hydr. eng., asce, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 357-361.
[4] myers, w.r.c., lyness, j.f. and cassells, j. (2001)."Influence of boundary roughness on velocity and discharge in compound river channels". j. hydr. eng.,asce, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 311-319.
[5] sellin, r.h.j., bryant, t.b., loveless, j.h. (2003) "an improved method for roughening floodplains on physical river models". j. hydr. res., iahr, vol. 41, no.1, pp. 3-14.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A REVIEW PAPER ON STRENGTHENING OF BEAM COLUMN JOINT UPGRADED WITH CFRP SHEETS
Country	:	India
Authors	:	ADITYA KUMAR TIWARY || ASHISH KUMAR TIWARY || MANI MOHAN

Abstract: Shear failure of beam-column joints is identified as the principal cause of collapse of many moment-resisting frame buildings during recent earthquakes. In this review paper, the efficiency and effectiveness of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets which increasing the shear strength and ductility of seismically deficient beam-column joints have been studied. For this purpose, four as-built specimens corner/knee joints were constructed. Out of these four as-built specimens, two specimens were used as control specimens and the other two were strengthened with CFRP sheets under two different strengthened specimens arrangement. The first arrangement scheme consisted of CFRP sheets epoxy bonded to the joint region in beams, and part to the column regions. In the second arrangement, sheets were epoxy bonded to joint region only with prevention against any possible debonding through mechanical anchorages system. Comparisons of result were done through hysteretic loops, load-displacement envelopes, ductility, and stiffness degradation. The comparisons result shows that CFRP sheets are very effective in improving shear resistance and deformation capacity of the corner beam-column joints and delaying their stiffness degradation.
Keywords: Beam Column Joint, Behavior of Joints during Earthquake, CFRP Material, Strengthening Technique.

[1] Murty C.V.R, IIT Kanpur,"Learning Earthquake Design and Construction"Earthquake Tip 20.
[2] S.H.Alsayed, Y.A.Al-Salloum, N.A. Siddiqui and T.H.Almusallam, 2010, "Seismic response of FRP-upgraded exterior RC beam column Joints", Journal of composites for construction ASCE/MARCH/APRIL, 2010, page no.195-208.
[3] S. H. Alsayed, Y. A. Al-Salloum, T. H. Almusallam, and N.A. Siddiqui, 2010, "Seismic Rehabilitation of Corner RC Beam-Column Joints Using CFRP Composites" journal of composites for construction ASCE/NOVEMBER/DECEMBER , 2010, page no.681-692.
[4] C.D.Vecchio, M.D.Ludovico, Albeeto Balsamo, Andrea Prota, Gaetano Manfredi, and Mauro Dolce,2014, "Experimental Investigation of Exterior RC Beam-Column Joints Retrofitted With FRP system" journal of composites for construction ASCE/JANUARY/, 2014, page no.01-13.
[5] Tarek H. Almusallam, Yousef A. Al-salloum, and M.sc student, dept. of civil engineering, king saud university, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2007, "seismic response of interior RC beam-column joints upgraded with FRP sheets. II: Analysis and Parametric Study" journal of composites for construction ASCE/NOVEMBER/DECEMBER, 2007, page no.590-600.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Study of USAB Method of Treatment of Distillery Wastewater
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Vandana Patyal || Balwinder Lallotra

Abstract: Anaerobic treatment is mostly preferred because of its low energy consumption and low nutrient requirement, besides this major possibility of energy recovery in the form of methane gas. Out of a variety of anaerobic reactor configurations currently available up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor is the effective one. In this anaerobic treatment complex organic matter gets converted into methane gas through the stages like hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis[1]. The key to its success has been the spontaneous formation of small 'granular' bacterial pellets called granules in the reactor. These granules settle readily to the bottom of the reactor. Thus wastewater can be lifted relatively quickly through this reactor without turbulence to the bacterial granules. Therefore smaller reactors can be used, that cost less than standard anaerobic digesters and treat effectively large volumes of wastewater. A model to describe the processes occurring in a UASB reactor was developed and an experimental study of the anaerobic treatment of Distillery wastewater. In this experimental setup the COD removal rate is observed to be 60.43 % which is generally 65 %. The methane gas formation has been achieved 57 % and other gases 43 %. This paper reviews the suitability of treating distillery wastewater by UASB process and its potential for bio-energy generation.
Keywords: Biogas Generation, Hydraulic retention time, Organic Loading Rate, Volatile Fatty Acid, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

[1] Trivedi R.K, Advances in Wastewater treatment technologies.
[2] Gonzalez-Gil, G., Seghezzo, L., Lettinga, G., Kleerebezem, R., 2001. Kinetics and Mass-transfer phenomena in anaerobic granular sludge.
[3] Rachbordin Wongnoi. Influence of a three phase- separator configuration on the performance of an ASB reactor treating wastewater.
[4] NEERI, Nagpur, Feb.25-26, 1995, Appropriate waste management technologies for developing countries
[5] Larisa Korsak, Dept of Chemical Engineering and Technology,Stockholm, Sweden 2008, Anaerobic treatment of wastewater in a UASB reactor

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Performance of Self Compacting Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shankar H. Sanni || R. B. Khadiranaikar

Abstract: Self compacting concrete (SCC) is defined as the highly workably concrete that can flow through dense reinforced or geometrically complex structural elements under its own weight to adequately fill the voids without segregation or excessive bleeding and without vibration. It was developed by Prof.Okarmura and his team in Japan in early nineties, and its guiding principle is based on the fact that sedimentation velocity of a\particle exists. The use of self compacting concrete in construction can lead to the elimination of equipment and labour involved in the compaction, reduction of noise and harmful vibration at the work site and better quality assurance. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the effect of fly ash replacement on self compacting concrete. The flow characteristics of the self compacting concrete such as flowability, passing ability and segregation resistance has been tested using slump cone, L-box, V-funnel, U-box and J-ring. It has been observed that the optimum percentage of fly ash replacement was 30%, for this replacement the SCC yielded better compressive strength.
Keywords: Self compacting concrete, fly ash, viscosity modifying agent, compressive strength, split tensile strength

[1] Okamura, H and Ozawa, K Mix design for self compacting concrete, Concrete Library of JSCE, 1995, 107-120
[2] H.J.H. Brouwers and H.J Radix, Theoretical and experimental study of self compacting concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 9, 2005, 2116-2136.
[3] M. Ouchi, M. Hibino and H. Okamura, Effect of suerplasticizer on self compactability of fresh concrete,
[4] H. Okamura and M. Ouchi, Self Compacting Concrete, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 1(5), 2003, 5-15.
[5] S. Venkateshwara Rao, M. V. Sheshagiri Rao, P. Rathish Kumar, Effect of size of aggregate and fines on standard and high strength of self compacting concrete, Journal of Applied Sciences and Research, 6(5), 2010, 432-442.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Transverse Distribution of Shear Stress in Compound Meandering Channel
Country	:	India
Authors	:	A. Sahu || L. Mohanty || K. K. Khatua

Abstract: The present work is to study the shear stress distribution which is essential to deal with the hydraulic problem such as channel design, channel migration and interaction losses. Bed shear stress is useful for the study of bed load transfer where as wall shear stress presents a general view of channel migration pattern. , it is important to understand the behaviour of flows within compound channels for designing of flood control, hydraulic structure, sedimentation, water management. Distribution of boundary shear which is a better indicator of secondary flows than velocity, on different parameters like aspect ratio, sinuosity, and hydraulic parameter such as relative depth. Experimental data collected from laboratory under different discharge to obtain shear stress distribution at the walls and on the bed of compound channels and the geometry, slope and sinuosity of the channel maintained by relative depths. Preston-tube technique is used to collect velocity heads at various intervals along the wetted perimeter and distributions of boundary shear stress along the wetted perimeter are plotted.
Keywords: Aspect ratio, Compound channel , In-bank flow, Interaction loss, Preston-tube , Sinuosity.

[1] Maria Olivero N.,Julian Aguirre-pe and Alix Moncada , Shear stress distribution in rectangular channels,Centro de investigations Hydraulics y de Mecanica de los Fluidos – Chidra,
[2] Junke Guo and Pierre Y.Julien , Shear stress in Smooth Rectangular Open Channel Flows,10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:1(30).
[3] Donald W.knight and Harish S.Patel,Boundary Shear in Smooth Rectangular Ducts (ASCE) J.Hydraul.Eng.1985.1111:29-47.
[4] David G. Rhodes and Donald W. knight ,Distribution of shear force on boundary of smooth rectangular duct,(ASCE) J.Hydraul.Engg. 1994 .120:787-807.
[5] Cheng, N.S. and L.H.C. Chua, (2005). " Comparisons of sidewall correction of bed shear stress in open-channel flows". J. Hydr. Eng., vol. 131, pp. 605-609.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Case Study on Traffic Management for Rectification of Congestion on a Road Stretch
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Chander Mohan Kansal || Er. Sushant Gajbhiye

Abstract: This case study emphasis on the British technique of design of traffic lights to reduce congestion by using traffic management. According to present study the population is increasing, so that the number of vehicles is running more on the field or on the road it affects the traffic flow & because of that congestion. occur at intersection. Traffic signals are one of the most effective and flexible active control of traffic and is widely used in several cities worldwide. This is effective and economical method to improve congestion considering the importance of Highway as a vital part of civil engineering; it helps us to find out the losses at different junctions of Landran, Chandigarh, Sirhind & Kharar considered for future improvement purposes and to make the perfect plan for the road. I have considered this case study for improvement of congestion of traffic when coming from Chandigarh side towards landran.. The study conducted on road Chandigarh –Landran and Sirhind –Kharar & Landran – Banur and Sirhind –kharar intersection. intersection. The existing traffic data is analyzed and proper improvement proposals is given to reduce congestion.
Keyword: Congestion, Signaling, Traffic Volume Study,

[1]. AASHTO (1993). "AASHTO Guide for design of Pavement Structures", American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.
[2]. Atre, R.T. (1987). "Problems of Urban Roads" , Indian Highways, IRC, Vol. 2..
[3]. Dattatreya, J.K., Veeraragavan A., Murthy, K., and Justo, C.E.G. (1992). " A Suggested Simplified System for Pavement Maintenance Management of Road Network" , Indian Roads Congress Journal, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp 217-273.
[4]. David Anderson, Colin Kosky, Garth Stevens, and Andrew R. Wall. "Implementation of vic roads -Pavement Management System", 3rd International Conference on Managing Pavements (1994).
[5]. Medina, A., Flintsch, G. W., and Zaniewski, J. P. (1999). "Geographic Information Systems-based Pavement Management System: A Case Study," Transportation Research Record, 1652, TRB, National Research Council, Washington D.C., pp. 151- 157.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Thickness Requirement of a Rigid Pavement with varying Conditions of Subgrade, Sub-Base and Shoulders
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Surender Singh || Dr. S. N. Sachdeva

Abstract: From the past few years, the reliance is shifting more on rigid pavements because of its low maintenance cost, long service life and the smoother riding surface. The thickness of the concrete slab depends upon the strength of subgrade, axle load repetitions, type of sub-base and shoulders. Even a small decrease in the thickness of the concrete slab with proper design can result in appreciable economy to the project. Therefore, an attempt has been made to design a two lane two-way State Highway proposed to be laid in Haryana by considering all the available options of subgrade, sub-base and shoulders. The design has been carried out with Dry Lean Concrete, Granular and Cement treated subbase of different thickness with both tied and untied shoulder conditions. The pavement is provided with dowel and tie bars. It is observed from the design that an increase in the CBR value of subgrade and an increase in thickness of subbase layer has insignificant effect on the thickness of the pavement slab, but providing tied concrete shoulders reduce the slab thickness appreciably.
Keywords: California Bearing Ratio, Shoulders, Subbase, Subgrade, Thickness

[1] Indian Road Congress, IRC: 58-2011, Guidelines for the Design of Plain Jointed Rigid Pavement for Highways.
[2] Indian Road Congress, IRC: 58-2002, Guidelines for the Design of Plain Jointed Rigid Pavement for Highways.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Recycled Aggregates: A Sustainable Solution of Construction and Demolished Waste
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Gagan || Sumit Arora

Abstract: With the development and modernization of societies, lot of construction activities are seen everywhere. These construction activities are increasing at faster rate by large amount. Also, the destruction of existing structures, which have reached their service life, runs parallel to the construction activities. It is not essential that the structures need to be demolished only after when they have completed their service life, but also due to change in fashion and ongoing trend of reconstruction of even healthy structures just for creating more space in order to meet the present demand. All such activities are generating waste in bulk, and this waste is called the Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste. Disposal of such C&D waste in a sustainable manner is a hard nut to crack for the builders, developers and owners. While the disposal of C&D waste is a challenge, on the other hand there is a severe shortage of naturally available aggregates for construction of structures. Reduction of this demand in a small way is possible with the recycling or reusing of construction and demolition waste generated from the construction activities. Hence, the recycling of demolished waste is a sustainable solution of C& D waste.
Keywords: Construction & Demolished waste, Recycling, Service life, Sustainability, Waste management.

[1] Keun-Hyeok Yang, Heon-Soo Chung, and Ashraf F. Ashour, Influence of Type and Replacement Level of Recycled Aggregates on Concrete Properties, ACI Materials Journal, V. 105, No. 3(2008).
[2] Oikonomou, N. D., "Recycled Concrete Aggregates," Cement andConcrete Composites, V. 27, 2005, pp. 315-318.
[3] Construction and Demolition Waste Practices and Their Economic Impact (1999) Report to DG XI, Symonds. Available: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/report.htm. Accessed 1999 February 01.
[4] DPT, 8.Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı 2000–2005 (In English: State Planning Organization of Turkey, 8th 5 year Development Plan 2000–2005) (2000) Solid Waste Control Sub Commission Report –Ankara. Available: http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/icmesuyu/oik524.pdf. Accessed 2006 February 01
[5] Yasumichi Koshiro and Kenichi Ichise. (2014). "Application of entire concrete waste reuse model to produce recycled aggregate class H". Construction and Building Materials 67 (2014) 308–314.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Techno-Economic Study of HVFAC Pavements
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Nirpinder Jain

Abstract: Road transport is now the major transport mode in India. India has the second largest road network in the world (second only to U.S.A, with a network of 6.3 million Km). India's record of road safety is none too flattering, with 80,000 fatalities occurring every year. With the rapid and continuous increase in vehicular traffic flow on the road system in the country, there has been an ever increasing demand for the improvement of the existing roads on one hand and expansion of the road network on the other. All such demands cannot be met fully because of the scarcity of resources available. Economics plays an important role in deciding the pavement options. It is difficult to generalize which option will give maximum economic returns as it varies from case to case. So it becomes necessary to analyze the pavement options to check the economic viability and best pavement option. Life Cycle Cost analysis is an accepted tool for evaluating various options and selecting the most appropriate one. In the present study economics of flexible and Rigid Pavements (Both OPC and HVFAC) has been done and the best pavement option is recommended.
Keywords: Flyash, HVFAC, Life Cycle Cost, NPV, Schedule of Rates

[1]. Kadiyali L.R and N.B Lal "Principles of Highway Engineering", 4th edition Khanna Publishers, Delhi 2006.
[2]. Jain, N, "Techno Economic Feasibility of HVFAC Pavements-A case study", M.Tech Thesis, PEC University, Chandigarh-2009
[3]. IRC : 37-2001 Guidelines for the design of Flexible pavements( Second Revision)
[4]. IRC : 58-2002 Guidelines for the design of Rigid pavements( Second Revision)
[5]. Dr Sharma Umesh and Jain N "Use of Flyash in Concrete Pavements-State of the art", National Conference on emerging trends in Civil Engineering,2011