iosr-JEEE   Volume-8 ~ Issue-1

Abstract: In the world of Integrated Circuits, Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS) has lost its efficiency during scaling beyond 32nm. Scaling causes severe Short Channel Effects (SCE) which are difficult to hold back. As a result of such SCE many alternate devices have been studied. Some of the major contestants include Multi Gate Field Effect Transistor (MuGFET) like FinFET, Nano tubes, Nano wires etc. In this work, the basic gates and memory circuits like DRAM are designed in HSPICE software using CMOS structure and FinFET structures are analyzed and their performances like average power, standby power dissipation and leakage power are compared. A 32nm technology FinFET model is used to design DRAM.

Keyword: CMOS, Dynamic RAM, FinFET, Memory Cell, and Power Dissipation.

[1] Kidong Kim, Ohseob Kwon, Jihyun Seo and Taeyoung Won "Nanoscale Device Modelling and Simulation: Fin Field Effect Transistor ,‟ Japan Journal of Applied Physics. 43 (2004) pp. 3784-3789.
[2] Brian Doyle, Reza Arghavani, Doug Barlage, Suman Datta, Mark Doczy, Jack Kavalieros, Anand Murthy and Robert Chau, "Transistor Elements for 30nm Physical Gate Lengths and Beyond", Intel Technology Journal , volume 6 , Issue 2, May 2002.
[3] D.Hisamoto, W.C.Lee, J.Kedzierski , H.Takeuchi , C.Kuo ,E.Anderson, T.J.King , J.Bokor and C.Hu "FinFET- A self Alligned Double Gate MOSFET scalable to 20 nm", IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, Vol.47, No. 12,pp 2320-2325, 2000.
[4] Kunihoro Suzuki, Tetsu Tanaka ,Yoshiharu Tosaka , Hiroshi Horie and Yoshihiro Arimoto, "Scaling Theory
for Double-Gate SO1 MOSFET‟s", IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, Vol.40, No. 12,pp 2326-2329, 1993.
[5] A. Carlson, Z. Guo, S. Balasubramanian, L.-T. Pang, T.-J. King Liu, and B. Nikolic "FinFET SRAM with Enhanced Read / Write Margins", 2006 IEEE International SOI Conference Proceedings, PP 121-126.
[6] Chevillon, N. Mingchun Tang Pregaldiny, F. Lallement, C. and Madec, M. "FinFET compact modeling and parameter extraction", Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits & Systems, 2009. MIXDES '09. MIXDES-16th International Conference ,2009.

[7] C. Auth,P. Bai, et al(2005), "A 65nm logic technology featuring 35nm gate lengths, enhanced channel strain, 8 Cu interconnect layers, low-k ILD and 0.57 nm SRAM cell,‟ presented at 2004 International Electron Devices Meeting. San Francisco, CA.

Abstract: Power quality improvement has become a major area of concern in present era. Due to the increase in modern sensitive and sophisticated loads connected to the Distribution System it has been very important to improve the quality of power because nonstandard voltage, current or frequency results a failure of the loads connected to the systems. Power electronics and advanced control technologies have made it possible to improve the quality of power and operate the sensitive loads satisfactorily. One of the major problems dealt in this paper is the voltage quality which is very severe for the industrial customers as it can cause malfunctioning of several sensitive electronic equipments. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a solution to improve voltage quality, which is connected in series with the network. This paper presents modelling, analysis and simulation of DVR in MATLAB SIMULINK, which includes PI controller and discrete PWM generator for control purpose of DVR. Simulation results of performance of DVR under different fault conditions such as single line to ground fault (SLG), double line to ground fault (DLG), line to line fault (L-L), three phase to ground fault etc. are presented in this paper. The results showed clearly the performance of the DVR in voltage quality improvement. Keywords: Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), voltage quality, PI controller, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), power quality.

[1]. N.G. Hingorani, Flexible AC Transmission", IEEE Spectrum, vol. 30, pp. 40-44, 1993.
[2]. N.G. Hingorani and L Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS – Concepts and Technology OF Flexible AC Transmission Systems, IEEE Press, New York, 2000.
[3]. N.G. Hingorani, "Introducing Custom Power", IEEE Spectrum, vol. 32, pp. 41- 48, 1995 Distribution Custom Power Task Force, 2003.
[4]. R. H. Salimin, M.S. A. Rahim, "Simulation Analysis of DVR performance for voltage sag mitigation", the 5th international power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2011), 2011
[5]. Michael D. Stump, Gerald J. Keane "The role, of custom power products in enhancing power quality at industrial facilities", Energy Management and Power Delivery, vol. 2, pp.507-517, InternationalConference 1998
[6]. D. Daniel Sabin, Senior Member, IEEE, and Ambra Sannino, IEEE "A Summary of the Draft IEEE P1409 Custom Power Application Guide" Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, IEEE PES, vol. 3, pp. 931-936, 2003.
[7]. M. H. Haque, "Compensation of Distribution System Voltage Sag by DVR and DSTATCOM", IEEE Porto Power Tech Conference, vol. 1, 2002.
[8]. Yash Pal, A. Swarup, Senior Member, IEEE, and Bhim Singh, Senior Member, IEEE "A Review of Compensating Type Custom Power Devices for Power Quality Improvement" IEEE Power India Conference, pp. 1-8, 2008.
[9]. Bingsen Wang, Giri Venkataramanan and Mahesh Illindala, "Operation and Control of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer Using. Transformer Coupled H-Bridge Converters", IEEE transactions on Power electronics, vol. 21, pp. 1053-1061, July06
[10]. Rosli Omar, N.A. Rahim and Marizan Slaiman, "Dynamic Voltage restorer Application for Power Quality improvement in Electrical Distribution System" Australian Journal of Basic and applied Sciences, pp 379-396, 2011

Abstract: This paper presents the Matlab Simulation of fuzzy logic based Sensorless indirect vector control of induction motor with a rotor resistance adaptation. Here the fuzzy controller used for speed controller offers superior transient performance when compared with the conventional control algorithms using PI controller. Rotor resistance of the motor will change significantly with temperature and frequency. This variation has a major influence on the field oriented control performance of an induction motor due to the deviation of slip frequency from the set value. This paper uses neural learning algorithm based rotor resistance adaptation scheme for making the system robust against rotor resistance variation.

Keywords: Fuzzy Logic Controller, Indirect Field Orientation control, MRAS Approach, Neural Learning Algorithm, Rotor Resistance estimation, Sensorless Control.

[1] Bimal K Bose,‟ Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives‟, Third edition, INDIA: Pearson Education, Inc., 2007.
[2] Birachi Narayan Kar, K B Mohanty, "Indirect Vector Control of Induction Motor Using Fuzzy logic Controller‟, IEEE 2011.
[3] Iulian Birou , Virgril Maier, Sorin Pavel, Calin Rusu, ―Indirect Vector Control of an Induction Motor with Fuzzy Logic based Speed Controller‟; Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Volume 10 Number 1, 2010.
[4] B. K. Bose, ―Neural network applications in power electronics and motor drives—An introduction and perspectives,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind.Electron., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 14–33, Jan. 2007.
[5] C. Schauder, ―Adaptive speed identification for vector control of in-duction motors without rotational transducers,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1054–1061, Sep./Oct. 1992..
[6] Baburaj Karanayil, Member, IEEE, Muhammed Fazlur Rahman, Senior Member, IEEE, and Colin Grantham-― Online Stator and Rotor Resistance Estimation Scheme Using Artificial Neural Networks for Vector Controlled Speed Sensorless Induction Motor Drive‖ IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, February 2007.

Abstract: The objective of this study is to develop a pulse Oximeter for the determination of pulse rate and percentage of oxygen in the blood of a patient. To determine these parameters the light is transmitted through the fingertip using a photodiode as a sensor and two LED'S (RED & IR) as a light source. The photo diode detects the light and the DAQ device outputs a voltage corresponding to the amount of light detected, and the final signal is a pulse. To determine the pulse rate, first the time that elapses between two successive peaks must be determined. Second to calculate the percentage of oxygen, AC & DC voltages must be determined. Based on voltages the modulation ratio is calculated, which is the ratio of magnitude of RED waveform to that of IR waveform.

Keywords: DAQ; sensor; signal processing;

[1]. Tytler JA, Seeley HF. The Nellcor N-101 pulse oximeter. A clinical evaluation in anaesthesia and intensive care. Anaesthesia 41: 302–305, 1986.
[2]. Matthes, K., Untersuchungen uber die sauerstoffsattigungen menschlichen arterienblutes, Arc. Exp. Pathol. Parmakol. 179, 689, 1935.
[3]. Wood, E. and Geraci, J.E., Photoelectric determination of arterial oxygen saturation in man, J. Lab Clin. Med., 34, 387, 1949.
[4]. Tytler JA, Seeley HF. The Nellcor N-101 pulse oximeter. A clinical evaluation in anaesthesia and intensive care. Anesthesia 41: 302–305, 1986.
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[5]. Merrick, E.B. and T.J. Hayes, continuous, non invasive measurements of arterial blood oxygen level, Hewlett-Packard J., p 2 Oct.1976.
[6]. J Aoyagi, T., Kishi,T., Yamaguchi, K., and Watanabe,S., Improvement of ear piece oximator,in Proc. 13th Japan. Medical Electronics and Biological Engineering Conf., Osaka 90,1974.
[7]. Technical Manual from National Instruments. www.NI.com
[8]. Virtual Instrumentation Using LabVIEW- Jovitha Jerome
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[9]. Yun-Thai Li, " Pulse Oximetry ",Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH

Abstract: Three-phase controlled rectifiers have a wide range of applications such as motor control in industries, dc drives, cycloconverters etc. They are used for electro-chemical process, many kinds of motor drives, traction equipment, controlled power supplies, and many other applications. The main aim of this paper is to design the three phase PWM rectifier and analyze its performance. The rectifier is designed to convert input ac power into intermediate dc power. This power conversion is done at unity power factor viewed from the supply mains. The advantage of this system is it also improves the power quality. This improved power factor improves/modifies the wave shape of line current close to sinusoidal and reduces the line amplitude of line current to reduces the line loss and hence to improve the power quality.

Keywords: Sinusoidal line current, PWM rectifier, power factor, power quality.

[1]. V.Ramanarayanan, "Unity power factor front end rectifier for three phase input," Indian Institute of science, Switched mode power conversion 3rd edition, p.no185-195, dec 2007.
[2]. T.Mahalekshmi, "Current Harmonic Compensation and Power Factor Improvement by Hybrid Shunt Active Power Filter" International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 4 – No.3, July 2010.
[3]. Marian P.Kazmierkowski, "Control strategies for PWM rectifier/inverter-fed induction motors", IEEE conference, Volume: 1, Page(s): TU15 -TU23 vol.1, june2000.
[4]. M. Malinowski, M.P. Kaźmierkowski, S. Hansen, F. Blaabjerg, G. D. Marques, .Virtual flux based Direct Power Control of three-phase PWM rectifier., IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applications, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1019-1027, Jul/Aug 2001.
[5]. T.G.Subhash Joshi, Aby Joseph and Gautam Poddar, "Active power factor correction for highly fluctuating industrial load", NPEC, 2003
[6]. Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, William P. Robbins, "Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design", John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 3rd Ed., 2003
[7]. H. Sarén, "Analysis of the voltage source inverter with small dc-link capacitor," Ph.D. thesis, Lappeenranta Technical University, 2005.
[8]. Power Electronics book by Dr. P.S. Bimbhra. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2003. 3rd Edition.
[9]. A Power Electronics Handbook by M.H. Rashid. Academic Press 2001.

Abstract: This paper presents a new algorithm to optimize the reactive reserve. As the amount of reactive reserves at generating station is a measure of voltage stability. A new approach for scheduling of reactive power control variables for voltage stability enhancement using teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) has been developed. An objective function selected for maximization of reactive reserve for maintaining the voltage stability. A Sensitivity inequality relation analysis based proximity indicator has been selected for obtaining desired stability margin whose value along with reactive power reserve maximization assures desired static voltage stability margin. TLBO has been selected because this is an efficient optimization method for large scale non linear optimization problems for finding global solutions. It is basically based on the influence of a teacher on an output of learners in a class. Developed algorithm has been implemented on 6-bus standard test systems.

Keywords: Voltage stability, Reactive power reserve, Generation participation factor, Proximity indicator, Teaching-learning-Based-Optimization algorithm..

[1] L.D.Arya, Puspendra singh, L.S.Titare "Anticipatory reactive power reserve maximization using differential evolution", Electrical Power and Energy Systems 35 (2012) 66-73.
[2] R.V.Rao, V.J.Savsani, D.P.Vakharia, "Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization method for continuous non-linear large scale problems". Information Sciences 183 (2012) 1–15.
[3] Wu QH, Cao YJ, Wen JY. Optimal reactive power dispatch using an adaptive genetic algorithm. Int J Electr Power Energy System 1998;20(8):563–9.
[4] Yoshida H, Fukuyama Y, Kawata K, Takayama S, Nakanishi Y. A particle swarm optimization for reactive power and voltage control considering voltagesecurity assessment. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2001;15(4):1232–9.
[5] Zhang Wen, Liu Yutian. Multi-objective reactive power and voltage control based on fuzzy optimization strategy and fuzzy adaptive particle swarm. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2008;30(9):525–32.
[6] Varadarajan M, Swarup KS. Differential evolutionary algorithm for optimal reactive power dispatch. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2008;30(8):435–41.
[7] Zhang X, Chen W, Dai C, Cai W. Dynamic multi-group self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm for reactive power optimization. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2010;32:351–7.
[8] Vaahedi E, Masour Y, Fuchs C, Granville S, Latore MDL, Hamadoni Zadheh H. Dynamic security constrained optimal power flow/var planning. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2001;16(1):38–43.
[9] Menezes T, da Silva LC, da Costa VF. Dynamic var sources scheduling for improving voltage stability margin. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2003;18(2):969–71.
[10] Dong F, Chowdhury B H, Crow M L, Acar L. Improving voltage stability by reactive power reserve management. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2005;20(1): 338–44.

Abstract: Distributed Generation (DG) serves a customer on-site and it provides support to a distribution network. DG is connected at distribution level voltage. The resources used for DG are preferably renewable resources. DG may be used as a standby unit. It helps to improve the reliability of the distribution network. The reliability improvement will be maximum if DG unit is located optimally in the distribution network. Reliability improvements due to DG connection with the distribution network also depends on method of installation of disconnects at sections forming a junction in the distribution network. After penetration of DG, the passive distribution system becomes an active system. Therefore, it is essential for the planners to study the impact of DG on distribution system reliability. The aim of the paper is to study the effect of DG on reliability of distribution system.

Keywords: Distributed generation, distribution system, active network, reliability indices, distributed energy resources, optimal location

[1]. Willis, H. Lee, Scott, Walter G.: "Distributed Power Generation", Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
[2]. Moskovitz, D.:"Profit and Progress through Distributed Resources", Regulatory Assistance Project, Maine, USA.
[3]. Keane, A., O' Malley, M.:"Optimal Allocation of Embedded Generation on Distribution Networks", IEEE Transaction on Power System, Vol. 20, No. 3, August 2005.
[4]. Waseem, I., Pipattanasomporn, M., Rahman, S.: "Reliability Benefits of Distributed Generation as a Backup Source", Power & Energy Society General Meeting 2009, PES, '09, IEEE.
[5]. Neto, A. C., da Silva, M. G., Rodrigues, A. B.: "Impact of Distributed Generation on Reliability Evaluation of Radial Distribution Systems Under Network Constraints" , 9th International Conference on Probabilistic Method Applied to Power Systems KTH, Stockholm, Sweden, June 11 – 15, 2006.
[6]. Zhu, D., Broadwater, Robert P., Tam, Kwa-Sur, Seguin R., Asgeirsson, H.: "Impact of DG Placement on Reliability and Efficiency With Time – Varying Loads", IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, VOL. 21, No. 1, February 2006.
[7]. Sun, Y., Bollen, M. H. J., Ault, G.: "Improving Distribution System By Means Of Distributed Generation", 19th International Conference on Electricity distribution, Vienna, 21 – 24 May 2007
[8]. Borges, Carmen L. T., Falcao, Djalma M.: "Optimal Distributed Generation Allocation for Reliability, Losses and Voltage Improvement", Electrical Power and Energy System 28 (2006) 413 - 420
[9]. Keane, A., O' Malley, M.: "Optimal Allocation of Embedded Generation on Distribution Networks", IEEE Transaction on Power System, Vol. 20, No. 3, August 2005.
[10]. Banerjee, B., Islam, Sayed M.: "Reliability Based Optimum Location of Distributed Generation", Electrical Power and Energy System, 33(2011), 1470 – 1478.

Abstract: Power system is always affected by transients that create oscillations & voltage instability. Several techniques are invented to overcome instability problems & improve power system performance. The most common used technique is power system stabilizer called PSS. The PSS has limit to damp the oscillations due to power grid network. So another device/stabilizer is required for system stability & reliability. These requirements generate the vacancy for FACTS & FACTS devices like SSC, IPFC, UPFC, SVC & STATCOM. In this paper we used TCSC as controller for stability of power system & tuning of TCSC is done by the genetic algorithms. The effect of TCSC controller is demonstrated by using SMIB. General Terms: In recent years, significant development has been come out in power system stability improvement, particularly FACTS transmissions & FACTS devices. The power systems are connected as large system through EHV lines. The methods of grid management & operation is also upgraded with advancement in the socioeconomics. Power system strongly demands security, reliability & stability, efficient & flexible operations. So it attract new researchers to developing new regulation techniques with enhance controller.

Keywords: Power system, SMIB, FACTS, TCSC, GA.

[1] N.G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, understanding FACTS: concept & technologyof flexible AC transmission system, IEEE press, 2000. [2] H.F. Wang, F.J.Swift, FACTS–based stabilizer designed by the phase compensation method part I on single machine power system, advance in power system control, operation & management, 1997. APSCOM-97, fourth international conferenceon 11-14 nov. 1997

[3] Richard C. dorf, Modern control system, Addison wesley publishing company, 1992.

[4] K.R. Padiyar, power system dynamicsstabilityand control, BS publications, 2nd edition, Hederabad, India 2002.

[5] R. M. Mathur and R. K.Verma, thyristor-based FACTS controllers for electrical transmission system, IEEE press, Piscataway, 2002

[6] R. Narmatha Banu and D. Devraj, 'GA approach for optimal powerflow with FACTS devices" 4th International IEEE Conference on intelligent systems,

Abstract: In this paper a simple power factor correction PFC circuit was designed, simulated and tested for AC/DC converter which generates input current harmonics due to its non-linear characteristics. PFC was achieved through current harmonics mitigation by using PWM boost regulator. The circuit utilizes the charging and disc arching increments of boost inductor current to shape a sinusoidal input current. Inductor current was controlled by means of PWM controller. The controller accepts two feed back signals, the first is the inductor current and the other is the output voltage of the AC/DC converter. The simulation results of fast fourier transform FFT show a grate reduction in current harmonic which in turns tends to a grate improvement in power factor.

[1] Tristan, A. K., P.E., 1999. Distortion and power factor of nonlinear loads. LTK Engineering Services: 0-7803-5533-4/99/$10.00.

[2] Bernard, S., 1995. Harmonics Pollution. http://www.powers quality.com/art0041.

[3] Akagi, H., 1996. New trends in active filters for power conditioning. IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications.

[4] IEC 1000-3-2 (1995-3) Ed.1, 1995. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - part 3-2: limits - limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current ≤16a Per phase). IEC.

[5] Zhou, C., Raymound B. R. & Fred C. L. 1990. Design and analysis of a hysteretic boost power factor correction circuit. IEEE

[6] Phillip C. T., 1999. Boost power factor corrector design with the UC3853. ©, Texas Instruments Incorporated.

[7] Fairchild, 1997. Theory and application of the ML4821 average current mode PFC controller. REV 1: 0 10/25/2000.

[8] Harding, J., Off-line power supply using the farm ac front-end module. Vicor Corporation. Applications Engineer: 800.927.9474.

Abstract: Full employment is an important objective for the nation's economy. Unfortunately, the impacts of active short-term labour market policies implemented by the Malaysian government that focus directly on the employment appear to be limited. Therefore, this study intend to find the gap of the employed electronic engineers meeting the demands required competencies of the electronic industry and the higher education In this paper, the gap was studied in two aspects, acquired and required competencies needed by the employer as well as higher education. Qualitative semi structured interview techniques was used to get data from the respondents. A total numbers of 10 lecturers, 13 employers (3 production, testing, or quality assurance engineers, 5 technical managers and 5 training manager or human resource managers from 8 different electronics firm), 12 employed electronic graduates, and 11 unemployed electronic graduates. The results shows that managers feel that there is a mismatch of competencies. They are dissatisfied with acquired knowledge of engineers. Only a small number is well equipped. Employers pay attention to quality rather than quantity. Interviews with the lectures showed that the graduates lack soft skills. Employed graduates too feel that soft skills are important in working environment. In acquired competencies, lectures from science and other professional courses believe that close to 80% graduates are equipped to handle real work tasks compared to only 50% of graduates from social sciences and arts courses. This study suggests that the gap in required and acquired competencies should be emphasized in curriculum design.

Keywords: Industry, Higher Education, Electronic Graduates Competencies

[1] INTAN, Malaysian development Policies (Kuala Lumpur, 2004)

[2] M.Lee, Higher education, in K.S. Jomo, and Ng Suew Kiat (Ed.), Malaysia economic development: Policy and reform,( Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publisher.1996) 317-340.

[3] W.K. Chen, and L.T. Chang, A study of Entry–level Employment Technological Competencies for the Junior College Graduates Majoring in Electronics Engineering, Proceeding World Conference on Engineering Education, Career Education,1995, 56-61.

[4] C.S. Buan, and L.K. Hock 1995. Introduction, in Chew Sing Buan, Lee Kiong Hock & Quek Ai Hwa (Ed.), Education and work: Aspirations of Malaysian secondary school students,( Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya,1995) 1-13

[5] A. Pandian, University curriculum: An evaluation on preparing graduates for employment( National Higher Education Research Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 2005).

[6] R. Barnett, Improving higher education: Total quality care( Buckingham: SRHE & Open University Press, 1995).

[7] N. Bennett, E.J., Dunne, and C. Carré, Patterns of core and generic skill provision in higher education. Higher Education, 37(1),1999, 71-93

[8] T. Chevaillier, Higher education and its clients: institutional responses to changes in demand and in environment. Higher Education, 33(3),2002, 303-308

[9] D. D., Dill, and B. Sporn, The Implication of a Postindustrial Environment for the university: An Introduction, in D. D. Dill, & B. Sporn (Ed.), Emerging patterns of social demand and university reform: Through a glass darkly (Oxford: IAU Press Pergamon, 1995) 1-19.

[10] B.Little, Reading between the lines of graduate employment. Quality in Higher Education, 7 (2), 2001,121-129

Abstract: Wireless energy transfer or wireless power is the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load without interconnecting wires. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible. The problem of wireless power transmission differs from that of wireless telecommunications, such as radio. In the latter the proportion of energy received becomes critical only if it is too low for the signal to be distinguished from the background noise. With wireless power, efficiency is the more significant parameter. A large part of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the receiver or receivers to make the system economical.

[1]. En.wikipedia.org
[2]. www.mit.edu
[3]. Snajay Sharma, Wireless Technology.

Abstract: Energy issues and climate change are rarely out of the news, indicating the paramount importance of these challenges, and highlights the growing need for Engineers who command the appropriate skills and knowledge to make a difference in the society. The technological challenges to be met to ease the energy problem are enormous. It is necessary to provide the planet with cost-effective energy, while diversifying supplies and massively reducing CO2 emissions. We cannot limit ourselves to a single technology. A wide range of technologies must be developed simultaneously: technologies to improve energy efficiency for buildings and transport, technologies for renewable energy and nuclear energy, and technologies to promote more environmentally friendly use of fossil fuels. Therefore this paper highlights the role of Government, Scientist and Engineers in the development of these new technologies to satisfy Nigeria's growing and voracious demand for energy.

Keywords: Biomass, Solar energy, Wind Energy, Industrialization.

[1] E. Boes and R. Taylor."Understanding U.S. Strategic Interests in Expanding Renewable Energy Systems Worldwide", Summary of the Third NREL Energy Analysis Forum, Washington, DC, USA, 11 – 12 June 2003.

[2] G.I. Nwaka. "The Urban informal sector in Nigeria: Towards economic development, environmental health, and social harmony." Global Urban Development Magazine, May 2005.

[3] Report of the Vision 2020, National Technical Working Group on Energy Sector, July 2009.

[4] S.B. Adeyemo. "Estimation of Direct Solar Radiation Intensities". Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) Technical Transactions. 32(1): 1 – 9, 1997.

[5] O. Awogbemi and C.A. Komolafe. "Potential for Sustainable Renewable Energy Development in Nigeria"
[6] F. S. Ikuponisii. 2004. "Status of Renewable Energy in Nigeria". A background brief for an international conference on making renewable energy a reality. [Online]. Available: www.renewablenigeria.org [May 15, 2013]

[7] A.S. Sambo. "Renewable Energy Development in Nigeria". Paper presented in the World future council workshop on Renewable Energy, Accra, Ghana, 21 – 24 June, 2010.

[8] Biomass Energy Centre. www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk[May 15, 2013]

[9] K. Kapadia. Productive use of Renewable Energy: A Review of Four Bank – GEF Projects; Consultant Report to World Bank; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2004.
[10] K. Li, Biogas in China; Institute of Science in society (ISIS): London, UK, 2006; [online]. Available:http://www.i-sis.org.uk/BiogasChina.php[May 16, 2013].

Abstract: This paper presents a modeling procedure which are based on historical relation between demand for electricity and its price, accompanied with other determining variables that effect changes within, (economic activities, weather input variables, tariff and demography) to predict the future path of Nigeria energy usage. It compares the growth characteristics demand of different sectors of the economy, by using the annual demand statistics in a long run study to forecast the expected change in the nations demand for electricity with its price.

Keywords: Tariff, Electricity commission of Nigeria, Real Time Pricing, Electricity demand, Price Elasticity

[1] Demand Forecast Model Review (2004) by NZIER and Statistics Research Associates, www.ea.govt.nz/dmsdocument/10031
[2] Opportunity of Investment in power, Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) Plc. (2010)
[3] Electricity Rates Forecasting:" muskrat falls will stabilize rates for consumers"Department of Natural Resources, New found land
Labrador(November 2012)
[4] The impact of increased Electricity price on consumer demand, byEzzard de Lange, Gordon institute of business Science,
University of Pretoria, South Africa (2007/08)
[5] Response of Residential Electricity Demand to Price: The Effect of Measurement Error,CEPE Working Paper No. 75, Anna
Alberini, Department of Agricultural Economics,
[6] Price Impacts on Peak Demand, Christopher Ivanov Power System Engineering, Inc. Web Site: www.powersystem.org Power
System Engineering, (2009)

Abstract: A bridgeless single-phase AC to DC Power Factor Correction (PFC) rectifiers based on CUK topology is discussed in this paper. Compared to the conventional converter the bridgeless circuit lack the input diode bridge. Only two semiconductors is working during one switching cycle and hence the conduction losses are minimised. CUK PFC rectifier is designed to work in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) to achieve almost a unity power factor and low total harmonic distortion of the input current. The DCM operation gives additional advantages such as zero-current turn-ON in the power switches, zero-current turn-OFF in the output diode, and simple control circuitry. Bridgeless circuit performance is analysed through simulation. In this paper simulation of the bridgeless CUK rectifier for output regulation is done. The voltage mode control loop compares the actual output voltage with the reference voltage of 40V to maintain the output constant at this value. A conventional fuzzy controller is used in this control loop which provides good regulation.

[1] Abbas A. Fardoun, Esam H. Ismail, Ahmad J. Sabzali and Mustafa A. Al-Saffar, "New Efficient Bridgeless CUK Rectifiers for PFC
Applications " IEEE transactions on power electronics vol. 27, no. 7, july 2012.
[2] A. Sabzali, E. H. Ismail, M. Al-Saffar, and A. Fardoun, "New bridgeless DCM sepic and CUK PFC rectifiers with low conduction and
switching losses ", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 873881, Mar./Apr. 2011..
[3] B. Lu, R. Brown, and M. Soldano, "Bridgeless PFC implementation using one cycle control technique ", Proc. IEEE Appl. Power
Electron. Conf.,Mar. 2005, pp. 812817.
[4] Y. Jang and M. M. Jovanovic,"Bridgeless high-power-factor buck converter", IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 602611,
Feb. 2011.
[5] K. Periyasamy, "Power Factor Correction Based On Fuzzy Logic Controller With Average Current-Mode For DC-DC Boost
Converter", (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.771-777.

Abstract: The control of a grid interfacing inverter with integrated voltage unbalance correction. It is proposed to add an additional function to the inverter to decrease the negative-sequence voltage at the point of connection with the utility grid. Based on symmetric sequence voltage decomposition and using an improved multi-variable filter, the grid-interfacing inverter intentionally absorbs a small amount of negativesequence current from the grid, thereby helping to correct the negative-sequence voltage. Although the amplitude reduction contributed by each individual inverter system is small compared to the total negativesequence component, grid interfacing inverter modules can collectively achieve substantial results in the grid. The integrated function and proposed control has been verified in simulations and by experiments on a laboratory prototype.

[1] Annette von Jouanne and Basudeb (Ben) Banerjee, "Assessment of voltage unbalance," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 782-790, Oct. 2001.

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Abstract: Neural Adaptive based on feedback linearization is used in this study to control the velocity and recognition of an electro hydraulic servo system (EHSS) in the presence of flow nonlinearities as well as internal friction and noise. This controller consists of four parts: PID controller, feedback linearization controller, neural network controller and the neural network identifier. The feedback linearization controller is used to prevent the system state in a region where the neural network can be accurately trained to achieve optimal control. The combination of controllers produces a stable system which adapts to optimize performance. This technique, as shown, can be prosperously used to stabilize any selected operating point of the system with noise and without interference. All consequences achieved are validated by computer simulation of a nonlinear mathematical model of the system. The fore mentioned controllers have a vast range to control the system. We compare Neural Adaptive based on feedback linearization controller results with feedback linearization, back stepping and PID controller.

Keywords: Electro Hydraulic servo system; feedback linearization; RBF; EHSS.

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Abstract: In this paper, we present the systematic design and implementation of quick prototype design and hardware-in-the-loop real-time test of the embedded control system of Unmanned Rotorcraft. The control law is of backstepping type, the sensory system consists of a marker-based vision system outside the helicopter in radio connection with the embedded controller and a 3D inertial measurement unit (IMU) on the helicopter. Extended Kalman filters solve the state estimation problem. Brushless DC motors serve as actuators. For quick prototype design of the embedded controller MATLAB, Simulink, Real-Time Workshop and the MPC555 Target Compiler were used. More specifically, the onboard hardware system is designed to fulfill the image processing requirements by using the commercial off-the-shelf products. Real-time vision software is developed, which is running on the real-time operating system QNX. Keywords: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), Embedded Controller, Real-time realization, Marker-based vision and IMU sensors, Extended Kalman filters, Backstepping control.

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