iosr-JEEE   Volume-6 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: This paper provides a survey on existing survivability related problems and include the new algorithm based on existing algorithms. Survivability has become an important issue and topical subject in WDM networks. This paper reviewed the literature on survivability against multi-domain or link failures to ensure reliability in WDM networks. Survivability in multi-domain optical networks is very important, only few studies have been proposed in literature. The paper is related to protection technique in inter-domain link of multi-domain network combining the p-cycle and wavelength assignment.

Keywords— WDM, Survivability, Routing, Lightpath, protection, Optical Networks, p-cycle, multi-domain.

[1] Hamza Drid, Bernard Cousin,Miklos Molnar,Samer Lahoud"A Survey of Survivability in Multi-Domain Optimcal Networks" , Campus Uiversitaire de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France. pp. 1-10, Jan 30 2010.
[2] A. Nisar and I. Hyder "Routing and Survivability Issues in Optical WDM Networks", TECHNOLOGY FORCES (Techical Forces): Journal of Engineering and Sciences, pp. 27-32, July-December 2009.
[3] Baibaswata Mohapatra,, Rajendra K. Nagaria, and Sudrshan Tiwari, " Guarenteed Protection in Survivable WDM Mesh Networks- New ILP Fornulation for Link Protection and Path Protection", Journal Of Telecommunication And Information Technology, pp. 108-113, April 2011.
[4] Guido Maier, Achille Pattavina, Simone De Patre, Mario Martinelli, " Optical Network Survivability: Protection Technique in the WDM Layer" , Photonic Network Communications, 4:3/4, 251-269,2002.
[5] Kayi Lee, Eytan Modiano, "Cross Layer Survivability In WDM-Based Networks",NSF grants CNS-0626781 and CNS-0830961 and DTRA grant number HDTRA 1-07-1-0004.,January 2010.
[6] Jeffery Kennington Eli Olinick Augustyn Ortynski and Gheoraghe Spiride, "Robust Solution for the WDM Routing and Provisioning Problem With Uncertain Demands and Single Link Failure Protection",Technical Report 01-EMIS-07, 19 November 2001.
[7] Desalegn Segni Abawollo, "Impairment-aware Survivable Routing and Regenarator Placement in WDM Networks", Master Of Science Thesis,August 31 2010.
[8] Qi Deng and Galen Sasaki, Ching-Fong Su, "Survivable IP over WDM: An Efficient Mathematical Programming Problem Formulation", Paper From Fujitsu Laboratories Of America,2008.
[9] Mandip Kumar Sandhu and Amit Kumar Garg, "A survey of P-cycle For WDM Networks", urnal Of Information and Operation Management, Issn:0976-7754 and E-Issn:097Jo6-7762,volume3,Issue 1,2012,pp-57-60,December 12,2011.
[10] D.Sheela and C.Chellamuthu, "Protection In Optical Mesh Networks: A Cost Effective Strategy Based On Topological Constraints",Malayasian Journal Of Computer Science, Vol.25(1)pp-38-55,2012.

Abstract: This paper investigates the efficient design of the PHY layer architecture for wireless body area networks (WBAN), which targets on ultra-low power consumption with reliable quality of service (QoS). A low cost baseband transceiver specification and a data processing flow are proposed with a comparatively lowcomplexity control state machine. A multifunctional digital timing synchronization scheme is also proposed, which can achieve packet synchronization and data recovery.

Keywords – Transceiver, TX Baseband, RX Baseband, WBAN

[1] R. Schmidt, T. Nörgall, J. Morsdorf, J. Bernhard, and T. Grün, ―Body area network BAN, a key infrastructure element for patient-centered medical applications,‖ Biomed. Eng., vol. 47, pp. 365–368, 2002.
[2] G. Z. Yang, Body Sensor Networks. New York: Springer, 2006
[3] B. Lo, S. Thiemjarus, R. King, and G. Yang, ―Body sensor network—A wireless sensor platform for pervasive healthcare monitoring,‖ in Proc 3rd Int. Conf. Pervasive Comput., 2005, pp. 77–80.
[4] J. Pansiot, R. C. King, D. G. Mcllwraith, B. P. L. Lo, and G. Z. Yang, ―ClimBSN: Climber performance monitoring with BSN,‖ in Proc. IEEE 5th Int. Workshop Wearable Implantable Body Sensor Netw., Jun. 2008, pp. 33–36.
[5] X. Liu, M. W. Phyu, Y. S. Wang, B. Zhao, and Y. J. Zheng, ―An ultra low power baseband transceiver IC for wireless body area networks,‖ in Proc. IEEE 5th Int.WorkshopWearable Implant. Body Sensor Netw., Jun. 2008, pp. 231–234.

Abstract: Convolution Encoding with Viterbi Decoding is a powerful method for Forward Error correction and Detection. It has been deployed in many Wireless Communication Systems to improve the limited capacity of the Communication channels. Forward Error Correction techniques that is particularly suited to a channel in which the transmitted signal is corrupted mainly by Additive White Gaussian Noise. Convolution codes which are designed with state diagram method,Viterbi Decoder includes Branch Metric Unit, Add-Compare Select unit, Survivor-Path Memory involving choices of area and power. VLSI process technologies make it possible to realize one chip high speed encoder and decoders. Fixed set of parameters of 1/2 code rate with a constraint length of 3, encoder polynomials and trace back depth is complex. This complexity is reduced by different techniques with respect to reduction in area size increase the speed and low power consumption.

Keywords: FEC, ConvolutionalEncoder, Viterbi Decoder.

[1] Jinjin He,Huaping Liu"High-speed Low-power Viterbi Decoder design for TCM Decoders"IEEE Trans. VLSI. vol 20,Apr 2012.

[2] P.Subhashini, D.R.Mahesh Varma, Implementation "Analysis of adaptive Viterbi Decoder for High Speed Applications" International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 31– No.2, October 2011.

[3] Anubhuti Khare, Manish Saxena, Jagdish Patel, "FPGA Based Efficient Implementation of Viterbi Decoder" International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-1, Issue-1, October 2011.

[4] J. He, Z. Wang, and H. Liu, "An efficient 4-D 8PSK TCM decoder architecture," IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integer. (VLSI) Syst., vol.18,no.5,May 2010.

[5] J. He, H. Liu, and Z. Wang, "A fast ACSU architecture for viterbi decoder using T- algorithm," in Proc. 43rd IEEE Asilomar Conf. Signals,Syst. Comput., Nov. 2009.

[6] R. A. Abdullah and N. R. Shanbhag, "Error-resilient low-power viterbi decoder architectures," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 57, no. 12,pp. 4906–4917, Dec. 2009.

[7] . Jin and C.-Y. Tsui, "Low-power limited-search parallel state viterbi decoder implementation based on scarece state transition," IEEE Trans.Very Large Scale Integer.(VLSI) Syst., vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1172–1176,Oct. 2007.

Abstract: The Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motors are one of the motor types rapidly gaining popularity. BLDC motors are used in aerospace applications , medical field , industrial automation equipment and instrumentation. As the name implies, BLDC motors do not use brushes for commutation; instead, they are electronically commutated. This paper proposes a new optimized sensorless drive for speed control of BLDC motor, which is based on back-EMF zero crossing detection (ZCD) of only one phase voltage of BLDC motor. This commutation technique of BLDC motor significantly reduces sensing circuits and cost of motor drive. The effectiveness of proposed speed control for sensorless technique is verified through simulation. Two side chopping PWM technique with a PI duty cycle controller is used for speed control.

Keywords – BLDC, PI controller, PWM, ZCD, VSI

[1] J. Gamazo-Real, E. V zquez-Snchez, and J. Gmez-Gil, "Position and control of brushless dc motors using sensorless techniques and application trends," Sensors, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 6901-6947, 2010.
[2] Tashakori , M. Ektesabi, "Stability analysis of sensorless bldc motor drive using digital pwm technique for electric vehicles ", IECON 2012 - 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society , pp. 4898 - 4903 , 25-28 Oct. 2012.
[3] R.E. Bimal K Bose, "Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives", Pearson Education Publications, New Delhi, 2002, Chapter 9, pp483 – 495.
[4] G.-J. Su and J. McKeever, "Low-cost sensorless control of brushless dc motors with improved speed range," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 296-302, 2004.
[5] T-H. Kim and M. Ehsani, "Sensorless control of the bldc motors from near-zero to high speeds," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1635-1645,2004.
[6] P. Damodharan and K. Vasudevan, "Sensorless brushless dc motor drive based on the zero-crossing detection of back electromotive force (emf) from the line voltage difference," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 661-668, 2010.
[7] Krishnan R motor "Drives Modeling, Analysis and Control", Prentice Hall of India, First Edn, 2002, Chapter 9, pp 513-615.

Abstract: DC-DC converters are widely used in computer peripheral equipments and industrial applications. Luo converter is a recently developed DC-DC converter. Positive output Luo converter performs the conversion from positive source voltage of one level to positive load voltage of another required level This paper presents simulation of PI and neuro controllers for a positive output super-lift re-lift DC-DC converter. Super lift converters make the output voltage increasing in geometric progression. They are different from any other existing DC-DC converters and possess many advantages including very high output voltage with small ripples. Therefore these converters will be widely used in industrial applications especially for very high voltage projects. Control algorithm is developed in this work to ensure tracking of the reference voltage and rejection of system disturbances by successive measurements of the converter output voltage at certain time instants within a conduction period. The main objective is simulation of PI and neuro controllers using MATLAB (version 7.1) software and evaluate the controller's performances. The simulation results show that neuro controller provides quicker settling of output whereas PI controller creates less over shoot.

Keywords - Luo converter, MOSFET, Neuro,PI

[1] F.L.Luo and H.Ye, Positive output super-lift converters voltage lift technique, IEEE Trans.Power Electron., 18, 2003,105-113

[2] F.L.Luo, Positive output Luo-converters, voltage lift technique, Proc.Inst.Elect.Eng.,146(4), 1999, 415-432.

[3] Power Electronics Hand Book, M.H.Rashid.Ed., Academic, San Diego, CA, Aug.2001.

[4] F.L.Luo, Re-Lift Circuit: a new DC-DC step-up (boost) converter, IEE Electronics Letters, 33(1), 1997, 5-7.

[5] F.L.Luo, Re-Lift converter: design, test, simulation and stability analysis, IEE Proceedings on EPA, 45(4), 1998, 315-325.

[6] F.L.Luo, Luo converters, new DC-DC step-up converters, Proceedings of the International Conference ISIC-97, 1997, Singapore, 227-230.

[7] F.L.Luo, Luo converters, a series of new DC-DC step-up (boost) conversion circuits, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference PEDS'97, 1997, Singapore, 582-589.

[8] A.Joseph Basanth, S.P.Natarajan and T.S.Siva kumaran, Development of FLC for ZCS LUO QRC , International Conference PESA-09, Hong Kong.

[9] A.Joseph Basanth, S.P.Natarajan and T.S.Siva kumaran, Simulation and DSP based implementation of double output elementary luo converter, International Conference PESA-09, Hong Kong.

Abstract: Solar energy is only renewable energy source that does not depend on earth's resources. Current industrial manufacturing of solar cells use manufacturing steps that have many sustainable issues. So it becomes very important to promote technologies that are more sustainable than current state of the art. This paper will look into prospects of microwave heating for silicon solar cell fabrication in this perspective. Microwave heating is very different from conventional heating techniques and application of microwave for semiconductor processing purposes has many advantages. It provides avenue to crystallisation of amorphous solids, reduction of defects, selective heating, reduction in processing time, sintering of powdered materials and so on. Sustainability analysis of microwave heating over conventional heating will be presented to judge its suitability in solar cell fabrication. Status of different technologies using microwave heating which could replace or assist in different fabrication steps of solar cells will be reviewed. Based on these reviews, possible fabrication schemes of silicon solar cells will be presented.

Keywords - microwave heating, solar cells, silicon, nanomaterials, sustainability

[1] K. Thompson, J. H. Booske, Y. B. Gianchandani, and R. F. Cooper, Electromagnetic Annealing for the 100 nm Technology Node, Electron Device Letters, 23, 2002, 127-129.
[2] E. B. Ripley and J. A. Oberhaus, Melting and Heat Treatment Using Microwave Heating, www.industrialheating.com/articles/, May 2005.
[3] R. Roy, S. Komarneni and L. J. Yang, Controlled Microwave Heating and Melting of Gels, Journal of American Ceramic Society., 68, 1985, 392-395.
[4] K. Kashimura, K. Nagata, and M. Sato, Concept of Furnace for Metal Refining by Microwave Heating – A design of Microwave Smelting Furnace with Low CO2 Emission, Material Transactions JIM, 51, 2010, 1847-1853.
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Abstract: Micro Hydro Power Plants have many advantages over large scale hydropower generation. This has been identified as a good alternative to conventional electricity generation for many developing countries around the world. This paper presents a new concept of a Portable Micro Hydro Electrical Generator with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG).

Keywords: Hydro power, Micro-hydro power, Permanent magnet.

[1]. Scientific and technological reference energy technology indicators, Working Document, European Small Hydropower Association, 2010.

[2]. Celso Penche, Layman's Guidebook on how to develop a small hydro site, Handbook, European Commission, 1998.
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[4]. Small Hydro Power Handbook, http://www.smallhydropower.com/manual3.htm.

[5] Budisan Nicolae, Prostean Octavian, Robu Nicolae, Filip Ioan. Revival by automation of induction generator for distributed power systems in Romanian academic research. Renewable Energy 2007;32:1484-96.

Abstract: Photovoltaic or in short term PV is one of the renewable energy resources that recently has become broader in nowadays technology. The demand or future work is looking for high efficiency, more reliable and economical price PV charge controller which is come in portable size has become very popular in PV system. In this paper, two different topologies of chargers will be simulated using proteus professional software. Both configurations are designed based on microcontroller (Atmega 32) which reduces complexity in the number of electronic components and increased monitoring and regulative functions. Pulse width modulation (PWM) will be implemented on a MCU to control duty cycle and voltage. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is used to display the voltage from rechargeable battery. The benefit of this project is an improvement of efficiency depend on duty cycle and voltage change.

Keywords – PV, MCU, PROTEUS, VRR,

[1] Mohammed shoaib,Prof v nagaraj,,proteus based simulation of PV inverter for rural electrical service (IJMER). Vol 3, Issue 2, March-April 2013 , pp-1212-1219,

[2] Ahmad Shukri Bin Fazil Rahman , Abdul Rahim Bin Abdul Razak, Proteus Based Simulation of a Charge Controller, 2010 IEEE international conference on power and energy (PEcon2010),kuala lumpur,Malaysia.

[3] Ross, J., Markvart, T., and He, W.: "Modelling Battery charger Regulation for a Stand-alone Photovoltaic System‟, Sol. Energy, 2000, 69,, pp. 181–190

[4] Singh, P.; Rajagopalan, J.; LaFollette, R.; Fennie, C., Jr.; Reisner, D.E.; "Fuzzy logic-based solar charge controller for microbatteries," Conference Record of the Twenty-Eighth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp. 1726 – 1729, Sept. 2000.

[5] M. Sharon et al, "Solar rechargeable battery,", electrochimica Acta, Vol. 36, No.7, D.J. Caldwell et al, Solar array voltage regulation study," Proc. of the 27th K.K Govil, "Maximum power points of solar cells with simultaneous series and shunt losses," Int. i. Electronics, Vo1.56, 1984,

Abstract: This paper presents a single stage Z-source inverter (ZSI) that can either buck or boost the ac output voltage from a DC supply. This topology overcomes the short comings of the where the output ac voltage is either less or more than the input dc voltage. The ZSI also allows two switches of the same leg to be gated in the circuit thus eliminating the shoot through fault that normally occurs in the traditional converters. This feature of the inverter provides the elimination of dead time in the circuit, thus increasing the reliability and reducing the output distortion. To prove the effectiveness of ZSI in reducing THD, performance of ZSI is evaluated using MATLAB/SIMULINK model developed for ZSI feeding R, RL, Motor load. The simulation results are presented for various modulation indexes and compared with the simulation results of VSI and CSI. The results validate the effectiveness of ZSI over VSI and ZSI.

Keywords -Current source inverter, voltage source inverter, Z-source inverter, SPWM, THD.

[1] N. V azquez, J. Almazan, J.Alvarez, C. Aguilar, and J. Arau, Analysis and experimental study of the buck, boost and buck-boost inverters,in Proc. IEEE PESC, Charleston, SC, 1999, 801–806.

[2] Y. S. Xue, L. C. Chang, and S. B. Kjær, Topologies of single-phase inverters for small distributed power generators: An overview, IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,19(5), 1305–1314, 2004.

[3] N. Kasa, T. Iida, and H. Iwamoto, An inverter using buck-boost type chopper circuits for popular small-scale photovoltaic power system,in Proc. IEEE IECON, San Jose, CA, 1999,185–190. [4] F. Z. Peng, Z-source inverter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 39(2), 504–510, 2003.

[5] M. S. Shen, J.Wang, A. Joseph, F. Z. Peng, L. M. Tolbert, andD. J.Adams, Constant boost control of the Z-source inverter to minimize current ripple and voltage stress,IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 42(3), 770–777, 2006.

[6] P. C. Loh, D. M.Vilathgamuwa,Y. S. Lai, G. T. Chua, and Y.W. Li, Pulsewidth modulation of Z-source inverters,IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 20(6), 1346–1355, 2005.

[7] M. S. Shen and F. Z. Peng, Control of the Z-source inverter for fuel cell-battery hybrid vehicles to eliminate undesirable operation modes, in Proc. IEEE IAS, 2006, 1667–1673.

[8] K. M. Smedley and S. Cuk, One-cycle control of switching converters,IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 10,(6), 625–633,1995.

[9] K. M. Smedley and S. Cuk, Dynamics of one-cycle controlled Cuk converter,IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 10, (6), 634–639,1995.

10] X. P. Fang, Z. M. Qian, and F. Z. Peng, Single-phase Z-source PWM AC-AC converters,IEEE Power Electron. Lett., 3(4),121–124, 2005.

Abstract: This paper proposes a Secondary distribution (single phase) nine -level inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems, with a novel pulse width modulated (PWM) control scheme. Four reference signals that are identical to each other with an offset that is equivalent to the amplitude of the triangular carrier signal were used to generate the PWM signals. The inverter is capable of producing nine levels of output-voltage levels (Vdc , 3Vdc /4, Vdc /2,Vdc/4, 0, −Vdc , −3Vdc /4, −Vdc /2, Vdc/4) from the dc supply voltage. A digital proportional–integral current-control algorithm was implemented in a TMS320F2812 DSP to keep the current injected into the grid sinusoidal. The proposed system was verified through simulation and implemented in a prototype.

Keywords - Grid connected, modulation index, multilevel inverter, photovoltaic (PV) system, pulse width modulated (PWM), total harmonic distortion (THD).

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[2] S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, ―A review of single-phase grid connected inverters for photovoltaic modules,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1292–1306, Sep./Oct. 2005.

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[5] M. Saeedifard, R. Iravani, and J. Pou, ―A space vector modulation strategy for a back-to-back five-level HVDC converter system,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 452–466, Feb. 2009.

[6] S. Alepuz, S. Busquets-Monge, J. Bordonau, J. A. M. Velasco, C. A. Silva, J. Pontt, and J. Rodríguez, ―Control strategies based on symmetrical components for grid-connected converters under voltage dips,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 2162–2173, Jun. 2009.

[7] J. Rodríguez, J. S. Lai, and F. Z. Peng, ―Multilevel inverters: A survey of topologies, controls, and applications,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 724–738, Aug. 2002.

[8] J. Rodriguez, S. Bernet, B. Wu, J. O. Pontt, and S. Kouro, ―Multilevel voltage-source-converter topologies for industrial medium-voltage drives,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 2930–2945, Dec. 2007.

[9] M. M. Renge and H. M. Suryawanshi, ―Five-level diode clamped inverter to eliminate common mode voltage and reduce dv/dt in medium voltage rating induction motor drives,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1598–1160, Jul. 2008.

[10] E. Ozdemir, S. Ozdemir, and L. M. Tolbert, ―Fundamental-frequencymodulatedSix-level diode-clamped multilevel inverter for three-phaseStand-alone photovoltaic system,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, No. 11, pp. 4407–4415, Nov. 2009.

Abstract: Localization is the technique to determine the position of people or assets. The position information enables location-based protocols to navigate, to track or to monitor a person or an asset. Recently, indoor localization systems have been designed to provide location information of persons and devices in the indoor environment. The techniques used for location detection in the outdoor environment (like GPS) cannot be used in the indoor environment because there is no line-of sight communication possible and no sky-view in indoor environment. In big cities with plenty of high rise buildings GPS cannot work properly. The deployment of a system for obtaining location information in the indoor environment is a challenging task because of a large number of obstacles and interference of different frequencies. In this paper we studied the existing approaches and classify them based on the enabling technology. We further compared the existing approaches based on some parameters (like cost, accuracy) and compiled the result in tabular format. Keywords— GPS, Indoor Localization, Indoor Positioning System,Wireless Sensor Network.

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Abstract:In this paper, the influence of scattering parameters on MIMO system capacity are discussed by designing MIMO antennas. In principle, the capacity of MIMO system can be increased by installing a high number of antennas both at the transmitter and receiver. However, scattering parameters also play a vital role in the capacity of MIMO system. This behavior of capacity is observed in case of partially and fully correlated environment in the presence of scattering parameters.
Keywords: MIMO, Capacity, Scattering Matrix, Antenna Array and Ansoft HFSS.

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Abstract:Adaptive Arrays are currently the subject of extensive research, for improving the quality of the receiving signals in the presence of interfering signals in wireless communications. In this paper beamforming is performed considering a digital system using Least Mean Squares algorithm. The main emphasis is to discuss the effects of the weight approximation procedures on the overall performance of the LMS algorithm and the Beamforming. The same results can be obtained for other adaptive beamforming algorithms and their various modifications available in the literature. In this paper Least Mean Squares Algorithm has been used to show the effects of weight approximation methods. Weight approximation methods are used to convert the continuous valued weights into discrete valued weights which can be used by digital systems for beamforming. Two algorithms have been proposed for weight approximation. Their performance has been compared with the conventional methods. Comparisons have been made for Beampattern, Sidelobe level, Convergence rate, Stability. The proposed algorithms have been observed to give overall better results for slight increase in the computational cost. The effect of the convergence coefficient 𝞵 on the sidelobe levels of beampattern has also been discussed. Keywords – Digital Beamforming, Least Mean Squares Algorithm, Phased Array Antenna, Weight Approximation.

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Abstract: A dc-coupled wind/hydrogen/super capacitor hybrid power system using fuzzy logic is studied in this paper. The purpose of the control system is to coordinate these different sources, particularly their power exchange, in order to make controllable the generated power. As a result, an active wind generator can be built to provide some ancillary services to the grid. The control system should be adapted to integrate the power management strategies. Two power management strategies are presented and compared experimentally. We found that the "source-following" strategy has better performances on the grid power regulation than the "grid-following" strategy. Keywords - Distributed power, energy management, hybrid power system (HPS), power control, wind generator (WG), Fuzzy logic system.

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Abstract:To enlarge the use of grid-connected PV systems, the cost, performance, and life expectancy of the power electronic interface needs to be improved. The current-source inverter (CSI) offers advantages over VSI in terms of inherent boosting and short-circuit protection capabilities, direct output current controllability, and ac-side simpler filter structure. Research on CSI-based DG is still in its infancy. This paper focuses on transient performances of a PV system based on CSI during the rigorous LL and TPG (Three- phase- to-ground) faults. It also performs a comparative analysis of CSI-based PV systems for severe LL and TPG (Three-phase- to-ground) faults under transient conditions. The control structure consists of two current control loops. An MPPT provides the reference for the outer dc-side current control loop. The inner current control loop is designed to control the current that is injected into the grid. Using a case study of grid-side faults i.e., LL, TPG, the designed controller is able to fulfill all the requirements of a PV system grid interface besides limiting the dc-side current, irrespective of the severity of the fault, unlike a VSI-based PV system. The fault studies included line-to-line and three-phase-to-ground faults.The case study of this paper is presented by using a Mat lab / Simulink environment, the respective results also shows the differences between the behaviour of a system at the time of encountering faults.

Keywords – Current source inverter (CSI), Controller, Faults, Grid, PV System, transient conditions.

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