iosr-JEEE   Volume-5 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: This paper deals with the simulation and implementation of fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor system(SVC) . The TCR system is simulated using MATLAB and the simulation results are presented. SVC is basically a shunt connected static var generator whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific power variable. In this paper, simple circuit model of Thyristor Controlled Reactor is modeled and simulated using MATLAB. The simulation results are presented. The current drawn by the TCR varies with the variation in the firing angle. The simulation results are compared with the theoretical results.

Key Words: Static VAR Compensators, FC-TCR, MATLAB, Simulink, Reactive Power

[1] Nang Sabai, and Thida Win "Voltage control and dynamic performance of power transmission system using SVC" World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology Pp. 425-429 2008.

[2] Gomez A., F.Gonzalez, C.Lzquierdo C, T.Gonzalez and F.Pozo,1992. Microprocessor based control of and SVC for optimal load Compensation. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 7(2):706-712

[3] Narain. G. Hingorani, "Understanding FACTS, Concepts and Technology Of flexible AC Transmission Systems", by IEEE Press USA

[4] R.M. Mathur and R.K. Varma, Thyristor-Based FACTS Controllers for Electrical Transmission Systems, IEEE Press and Wiley Interscience, New York, USA, Feb. 2002.

[5] IEEE Power Engg. Society/CIGRE, "FACTS Overview", Publication 95 TP 108, IEEE Press, New York, 1995.

Abstract: This paper introduces multilevel inverters. Inverters can be broadly classified into single level inverter and multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverters when compared to single level inverters have advantages like minimum harmonic distortion and reduced EMI/RFI generation it can also operate on several voltage levels. In the existing system 5 level inverter is used. It reduces THD compared to the conventional switching system. In the proposed system seven level inverter by multi sampling technique is being implemented. Proposed method is implemented using SIMULINK. By using the multi sampling technique system performance can be increased as well as the harmonics can be reduced. Conventional digital control power converters usually use a technique known as uniform sampling. Keywords: control gain multisampling, digital control, harmonic distortion, multilevel inverter, THDs.

[1] D. M. Van de Sype, K. De Gusseme, A. P. Van den Bossche, and J. A. Melkebeek, "A sampling algorithm for digitally controlled boost PFC converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 649–657, May 2004.

[2] P.Mattavelli, G. Spiazzi, and P. Tenti, "Predictive digital control of power factor preregulators with input voltage estimation using disturbance observers," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 140–147, Jan. 2005.

[3] W. Stefanutti, P. Mattavelli, G. Spiazzi, and P. Tenti, "Digital control of single-phase power factor preregulators based on current and voltage sensing at switch terminals," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1356–1363, Sep. 2006.

[4] P. Mattavelli, F. Polo, F. Dal Lago, and S. Saggini, "Analysis of controldelay reduction for the improvement of UPS voltage-loop bandwidth," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 2903–2911, Aug. 2008.

[5] H. Fujita, "A single-phase active filter using an H-bridge PWM converter with a sampling frequency quadruple of the switching frequency," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 934–941, Apr. 2009.

[6] M. Hartmann, S. D. Round, H. Ertl, and J. W. Kolar, "Digital current controller for a 1 MHz, 10 kW three-phase VIENNA rectifier," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 2496–2508, Nov. 2009.

[7 ] L.Corradini, P.Mattavelli, E. Tedeschi, and D. Trevisan, "High-bandwidth multisampled digitally controlled DC-DC converters using ripple compensation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1501–1508, Apr.2008.

[8] L. Corradini and P. Mattavelli, "Modeling of multisampled pulse width modulators for digitally controlled DC-DC converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1839–1847, Jul. 2008.

[9] L. Corradini, P. Mattavelli, and S. Saggini, "Elimination of samplinginduced dead bands in multiple-sampled pulsewidth modulators for DCDC converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 2661–2665, Nov. 2009.

[10] L. Corradini, W. Stefanutti, and P. Mattavelli, "Analysis of multisampled current control for active filters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1785–1794, Nov./Dec. 2008.

Abstract: A study was made of the electronic band structure and vibrational properties of PbSnS3 using density functional theory (DFT) and the density perturbation functional theory (DPFT) respectively. For exchange and correlation, the local density approximation (LDA) was used. The study revealed that the material under investigation is a semiconductor with a fundamental indirect band gap of 0.71 eV and an optical direct band gap of 08.3 eV. For the phonon band structure it was found from the calculation that the highest frequency mode of 317.9 cm-1 occur at Γ-point. This shows that the material is polar.

Keywords- Density functional theory, density perturbation functional theory, direct and indirect band gap, electronic band structure, local density approximation.

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Abstract: We have performed the electronic band structure and the Phonon dispersion spectra of the mixed valence Silver oxide in the density functional theory (DFT) framework. We used the LDA+U and the HF methods in computing the electronic band structure while the LDA was used for the phonon dispersion calculation. Our structural optimization results agree well with experiment. The LDA+U predicted AgO to be semimetal nature while the HF calculation predicted a semiconductor nature with a fundamental band gap of 1.53 eV which is in good agreement with experiment. In the phonon calculation, we see that the longitudinal optical and the transverse optical split is very small for higher modes corresponding to oxygen. This is the reason while the Raman spectroscopy was not able to observe these modes.

Keywords- Density functional theory, density perturbation functional theory, direct and indirect band gap, electronic band structure, Hartree Fock and local density approximation.

[1]. Pan J., Sun Y., Wang Z., Wan P., Liu X., and Fan M., Nano silver oxide (AgO) as a super high charge/discharge rate cathode material for rechargeable alkaline batteries, J. Mater. Chem., 17, 2007, 4820-4825.
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[3]. Fujimaki M., Awazu K., Tominaga J., and Iwanabe Y., Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from Ag nanoparticles formed by visible laser irradiation of thermally annealed AgOx thin films, J. Appl. Phys., 100, 2007, 074303-074309.
[4]. Park K., Novikov D. L., Gubanov V. A., and Freeman A. J. Electronic structure of noble-metal monoxides: PdO, PtO, and AgO. Phys. Rev. B 49, 1994, 4425-4431.
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[7]. Lützenkirchen-Hecht D., and Strehblow H.-H., Anodic silver (II) oxides investigated by combined electrochemistry, ex situ XPS and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy Surf. Interface Anal. 41, 2009, 820
[8]. Allen J. P., Scanlon D. O., and Watson G. W. Electronic structure of mixed-valence silver oxides AgO from hybrid density-functional theory, Phys. Rev. B 81, 2010, 161103-161107.
[9]. Raju N. R. C, Kumer K. J., and Subrahmanyam A. Physical properties of silver oxide thin film by pulsed laser deposition: effect of oxygen pressure during growth, J. Phys. D 42, 2009, 135411-135417.
[10]. Heyd S., Scuseria G. E. and Ernzerhof M. Hybrid functionals based on a screened coulomb potential, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 2003, 8207-8215.

Abstract: This paper presents a new mechanism exploiting the redundancy of sensors to ensure reliability in measuring baby incubator parameters where no error is tolerated. Several research based on the sensors redundancy have been done to several various areas, e.g., aerospace, automotive. However, no investigation is done, based on this technique, to ensure reliable measurement of baby incubator parameters. This paper, precisely, addresses this luck by proposing a new mechanism to precise and efficient measurement of temperature in an incubator. Our way of using redundancy consists in the use of a double of materials sensors with an analytical sensor as well as a time-redundant. Our new solution has been validated through several tests on baby incubator. Our tests showed that our solution enables the reduction of transitory events and faults in sensors.

Keyword— sensor redundancy, time-redundant, supervisory, incubator.

[1] Syed Askari, Badri Dwivedi, Adnan Saeed et Mehrdad Nourani (2010), Scalable Mean Voter for Fault-Tolerant Mixed-Signal Circuits, IEEEAC Paper 10 (page 1-10 )
[2] Jian-xiao Zou , Hong-bing Xu (2009) IEEE Design and Reliability Analysis of Emergency Trip System with Triple Modular Redundancy (page 1006-1009)
[3] Albert Myers (2008), Achievable Limits on the Reliability of k-out-of-n: G Systems Subject to Imperfect Fault Coverage, IEEE Transactions On Reliability 57 (page 349-354)
[4] Huseyin Aysan, Sasikumar Punnekkat, and Radu Dobrin(2008) VTV – A Voting Strategy for Real-Time Systems, 2008 14th IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (page 56 -63)
[5] Albert Myers, and Antoine Rauzy(2008), Efficient Reliability Assessment of Redundant Systems Subject to Imperfect Fault Coverage Using
[6] Mehrdad Nourani, Ali Namazi and Syed Askari (2008), Fault Tolerant Circuits for Highly Reliable Systems, IEEEAC Paper #1746, (page 1-10)
[7] John Teifel (2008), Self-Voting Dual-Modular-Redundancy Circuits for Single-Event-Transient Mitigation, IEEE Transactions On Nuclear Science 55 (page 3435-3439)
[8] Sohel Anwar and Lei Chen (2007), An Analytical Redundancy-Based Fault Detection and Isolation Algorithm for a Road-Wheel Control Subsystem in a Steer-By-Wire System, IEEE Transactions On Vehicular Technology 56 (page2859-2869)
[9] Dejan Desovski, Yan Liu and Bojan Cukic,Ninth(2005), Linear Randomized Voting Algorithm for Fault Tolerant Sensor Fusion and the Corresponding Reliability Model, IEEE International Symposium on High-Assurance Systems Engineering 10 (page1-10)
[10] Sherif Yacoub, Xiaofan Lin, Steve Simske, John Burns(2003), Automating the Analysis of Voting Systems, International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE'03) 1-12

Abstract: This paper proposes a zero-voltage transition in a boost converter. The presence of adaptive mechanism provides significant reduction in the converter volume, since the multiple switches is replaced by variable frequency operation with a single switch. Also, the semiconductor elements benefit from soft-switching conditions and thus, high efficiency is achieved to maintain continuity of supply. The other properties of the proposed system include no extra voltage and current stresses on the main switches and the ease of control. The proposed technique is fully analyzed for a boost converter and the reliability is achieved by Matlab simulation. The simulation result proves that a successful set point value of 60V gives an accurate output voltage with input voltage of 40V.

Index Terms - DC-DC converter, Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM), ZVS (Zero-Voltage Switching), Adaptive Mechanism.

[1] Hosein Farzanehfard and Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, "New Family of Zero- Voltage Transition PWM Bi-Directional Converters with coupled Inductors", IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, VOL. 59, NO. 2, February 2012.

[2] Esam H.Ismail, "Bridgeless SEPIC rectifier with Unity Power Factor and Reduced Conduction Losses," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, VOL.56, NO.4, April 2009.

[3] Dan Chen, Ching-Jan Chen, Chun-Shih Huangand Kwang H.Liu, "Mix-Voltage Conversion for Single-Inductor Dual-Output Buck Converters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, VOL.25, NO.8, August 2010.

[4] Rongjun Huang and Sudip K.Mazumder, "A Soft-Switching scheme for Multiphase DC/Pulsating DC Converter for Three-Phase High-Frequency-Link Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Inverter," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, VOL.25, NO.7, July 2010.

[5] Alessandro Costabeber, Paolo Mattavelli and Stefano Saggini, "A Simple Digital Autotuning for Analog Controller in SMPS," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, VOL.25, NO.8, August 2010.

[6] C.Sreekumar and Vivek Agarwal, "A Hybrid Control Algorithm for Voltage Regulation in DC-DC Boost Converter," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, VOL.55, NO.6, June 2008.

[7] Leila Parsa and Suman Dwari, "An Efficient AC-DC Step-Up Converter for Low-Voltage Energy Harvesting," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, VOL.25, NO.8, August 2010.

[8] Brian Laan, Gerry Moschopoulos, Pritam Das and Seyed Ahmad Mousavi, "A Non-Isolated Bidirectional ZVS-PWM Active Clamped DC-DC converter," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, VOL.24, NO.2, February 2009

. [9] Carlos E.Carrejo, Enric Vidal-Idiarte, Javier Calvente and Luis Martinez Salamero, "Two-Loop Digital Sliding Mode Control of DC-DC Power converters Based on Predictive Interpolation," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, VOL.58, NO.6, June 2011.

[10] Byung-Moon Han, Jun-Young Lee and Yu-Seok Jeong, "An Isolated DC/DC converter Using High-Frequency unregulated LLC Resonant Converter for Fuel Cell Applications," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, VOL.58, NO.7, July 2011.

Abstract: The increased electric power consumption causes transmission lines to be driven close to or even beyond their transfer capacities resulting in overloaded lines and congestions. FACTS devices provide an opportunity to resolve congestions by controlling active and reactive power flows as well as voltages. FACTS devices can be connected to a transmission line in various ways, such as in series, shunt, or a combination of series and shunt. Shunt FACTS devices are used for controlling transmission voltages, power flow, reducing reactive losses, and damping of power system oscillations for high power transfer levels. The SVC and STATCOM are two important shunt FACTS devices. In this paper the optimal location of STATCOM for reactive power compensation in electric transmission line to control power flows is investigated. The reactive power compensation of the STATCOM is studied with three different locations in the transmission line. The STATCOM is located at the receiving end, middle and at 2/3 distance from the sending end of the transmission line. The MATLAB simulation results show the relative performance.

Keywords – electric transmission line, FACTS devices, reactive power compensation, static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), shunt FACTS devices.

[1] Om Prakash Mahela, Devendra Mittal, and Lalit Goyal, "Optimal capacitor placement techniques in transmission and distribution networks to reduce line losses and voltage stability enhancement: A review," IOSR-Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 4, Nov.-Dec. 2012, pp.01-08.

[2] D. Murli, and M. Rajaram, "Active and reactive power flow control using FACTS," International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol. 9, No. 8, November 2010, pp. 45-50.

[3] B.F.Wollenberg, "Transmission system reactive power compensation," IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol. 1, 27-31 January 2002, pp. 506-508.

[4] Om Prakash Mahela, and Sheesh Ram Ola, "Optimal placement and sizing of HT shunt capacitors for transmission loss minimization and voltage profile improvement: The case of RRVPNL power grid," IAEME-International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 2, March-April 2013, pp. 261-273.

[5] Naresh Acharya, and N. Mithulanathan, "Locating series FACTS devices for congestion management in deregulated electricity markets," Elsevier Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 77, 2007, pp. 352-360.

[6] Salim. Haddad, A. Haddouche, and H. Bouyeda, "The use of FACTS devices in distributed power systems-modeling, interface, and case study," International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2009, pp. 56-60.

[7] Anulekha Saha, Priyanath Das, and Ajoy Kumar Chakraborty, "Performance analysis and comparison of various FACTS devices in power system," International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol. 46, No. 15, May 2012, pp.09-15.

[8] P.R. Sharma, Ashok Kumar, and Narender Kumar, "Optimal location for shunt connected FACTS devices in a series compensated long transmission line," Turk Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2007, pp. 321-328.

[9] M.H. Haque, "Optimal location of shunt FACTS devices in long transmission line," IEE Proceedings on Generation Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 147, No. 4, 2000, pp. 218-222.

[10] A.E. Hammad, "Analysis of power system stability enhancement by static var compensators," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1986, pp. 222-227.

Abstract: The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) has been lately accepted as the symmetric cryptography standard for confidential data transmission. The AES cipher is specified as a number of repetitions of transformation rounds that convert the input plain-text into the final output of cipher-text. Each round consists of several processing steps, including one that depends on the encryption key. A set of reverse rounds are applied to transform cipher-text back into the original plain-text using the same encryption key. The proposed schemes are independent of the way the S-box and the inverse S-box are constructed. Therefore, they can be used for both the S-boxes and the inverse S-boxes using lookup tables and those utilizing logic gates based on composite fields. Furthermore, for each composite field constructions, there exists eight possible isomorphic mappings. Therefore, after the exploitation of a new common sub expression elimination algorithm, the isomorphic mapping that results in the minimal implementation area cost is chosen. High throughput hardware implementations of the proposed CFA AES S-boxes are reported. In order to avoid data corruption due to SEU's a novel fault tolerant model of AES is presented which is based on the Hamming error correction code. This reduces the data corruption and increases the performance.Thus the data corruption due to Single Event Upset can be avoided and the performance is increased.

[1] Wong M.M. Wong M.L.D. Nandi A.K. and Hijazin I. (2012) =Construction of Optimum Composite Field Architecture for Compact High-Throughput AES S-Boxes' IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integer.(VLSI) systems,vol.20., No.6.

[2] Canright D. (2005) =A very compact Rijndael S-box' Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, Tech. Rep. NPS-MA-04-001.

[3] Rijmen V. (2000) =Efficient implementation of the Rijndael S-box' online available http://ftp.comms.scitech.susx.ac.uk/fft/crypto/rijndael-sbox.pdf.

[4] Rudra A. Dubey P. K. Jutla C. S. Kumar V. Rao J.R. and Rohatgi P. (2001) =Efficient Rijndael encryption implementation with composite field arithmetic' in Proc. CHES, pp. 171–184.

[5] Satoh A. Morioka S. Takano K. and Munetoh S. (2000) =A compact Rijndael hardware architecture with S-box optimization' in Proc. ASIACRYPT, pp. 239–245.

[6] Sivakumar C. and Velmurugan A. (2007) =High Speed VLSI Design CCMP AES Cipher for WLAN (802.11i)' Proceedings of International Conference on Signal Processing, Communication and Networking(ICSCN'07), pp.398-403.

[7] Wolkerstorfer J. Oswald E. and Lamberger M. (2002) =An ASIC implementation of the AES S-boxes' in Proc. RSA Conf., pp. 67–78.

[8] Wong M.M. and Wong M. L. D. (2010) =A new common subexpression elimination algorithm with application in composite field AES S-box' in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Inf. Sci. Signal Process. Their Appl. (ISSPA), pp. 452–455.

[9] Zhang X. and Parhi K. K. (2006) =On the optimum constructions of composite field for the AES algorithm' IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 1153–1157,.

[10] Zhang X. and Parhi K. K. (2004) =High-speed VLSI architectures for the AES Algorithm' IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst., vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 957–967,.

Abstract:The new power converter topologies i.e multilevel converter is major breakthrough in power conditioning applications. The role of multilevel converters for AC-AC conversion when connected Back to Back is now proving an achievement of mile stone in the field of high power conversion. In view of this a comprehensive review of Back to Back connected multilevel converters is presented in this paper, which focus mainly on its topologies, control strategies and real time industrial applications. The aim of this review is to group and review the recent publications, in order to establish the current state of the art and trends of the Back to Back connected multilevel power converters (MPCs) to provide researchers meaningful information about this technology.

Keywords: Bi-directional converters, BTB connection, Front End Converters, Improved Power Quality, MPCs, Multilevel Topologies, SPWM.

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Abstract: This paper demonstrates the detailed analysis of Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and Fuzzy Logic controller for speed control of a Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor for different speed commands and varying load torque conditions. Implementation of PI controller in closed loop conditions is done. Analysis of classical tuning methods to obtain best PI parameters for speed control is calculated. Fuzzy controller is also implemented for the same and the simulation results obtained for both PI and Fuzzy control in MATLAB/Simulink are compared. PI controllers have poor response due to overshoot, more drop in speed and oscillations. Intelligent control like Fuzzy Logic is gaining momentum as it can overcome these disadvantages. Microcontroller based controller implementation is tested using a virtual motor and the results or PI controller are validated using software results.

Keywords – BLDC, Fuzzy logic controller, PI controller, PWM and virtual motor.

[1] A. Ahfock and D. Gambetta,"Sensorless commutation of printed circuit brushless direct current motors," published in IET Electric Power Applications received on 4th June 2009.

[2] A.Halvaei Niasar, Abolfazl Vahedi and Hassan Moghbeli," Torque Control of Brushless DC Motor Drive based on DSP Technology," in proceeding of International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems 2007, Oct. 8~11, Seoul, Korea.

[3] A Albert Rajan, R. Daniel Raj and Dr. S. Vasantharathna," Fuzzy Based Reconfigurable Controller for BLDC Motor," second International conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies 2010.

[4] A. Rahideh, T.Korakianitis , P.Ruiz, T.Keeble and M.T.Rothman ,"Optimal brushless DC motor design using genetic algorithms ," Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 322 (2010).

[5] Baharuddin Ismail and Tan Chee Siong,"Study of fuzzy and PI controller for permanent magnet BLDC motor drive," The 4th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conf. (PEOCO2010), Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA: 23-24 June 2010.

[6] Bhim Singh and Sanjeev Singh," A Voltage Controlled Adjustable Speed PMBLDCM Drive using A Single-Stage PFC Half-Bridge Converter," Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi -110016, India.

[7] Bhim Singh,"Recent advances in permanent magnet Bldc motor," vol 22, part6, pp 837-853,2010.

[8] Bogdan Alecsa and Alexandru Onea," An FPGA Implementation of a Brushless DC Motor Speed Controller," 2010 IEEE 16th International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME).

[9] Cassio Luciano Baratieri and Humberto Pinheiro ,"Speed Control for BLDCM Driver Using Repetitive Control," 2011 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference(IEMDC).

[10] Dae-Kyong Kim, Kwang-Woon Lee, and Byung-Il Kwon ,"Commutation Torque Ripple Reduction in a Position Sensorless Brushless DC Motor Drive," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 21, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2006.