iosr-JEEE   Volume-2 ~ Issue-1

Abstract: The power quality is being affected by the railway traction load. Its effects on power quality cannot be ignored. Hence, a study was done in two traction sub-stations. In this, two railway traction sub-stations were taken for case study. One is Salem 110KV Railway traction where 2400 KVAR rated capacitor bank alone is installed and another is Bommidi 110 KV Railway traction where IGBT based Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation (DRPC) with 1800 KVAR is connected along with fixed 2400KVAR capacitor bank. Both these traction points are nearby and are in the same railway divisions. By installing power quality monitoring system in the sub-station supplying traction load directly, the actual operation data of this traction power supply is obtained. The harmonics due to load currents are measured and compared in both the sub-stations based on IEEE Standards 519-1992.
Keywords: DRPC, Harmonics, Power Quality, Traction Load characteristics, Traction Station

[1] National Development Reform Commission Long Term Integrated Network Development Plan (Z) 2007.
[2] Li Qunzhan. On Some Technical Key Problems in the Development of Traction Power Supply System for high speed railway in China (J) Journal of the China Railway Society, 2010, 32(4): 119-124.
[3] Liu Yu-Quan "Research for the effects of high speed electrified Railway Traction Load on Power Quality – IEEE – 2012
[4] IEEE Standards 519-1992.
[5] ZHANG Xiaoyu, WU Junyong, "Research on Voltage Class of Power System to be connected with Electrified Railways (J) Power System Technology, 2007, 31(1): 12-17.

Abstract : The present work describes the detailed study of the active filters and its characteristics by interfacing the programmable instruments with personal computer(PC) using LabVIEW. The programmable instruments used in the present work are function generator from Protek and HP digital multimeter. Two serial ports are used to establish the communication between function generator, digital multimeter and PCthrough the virtual instrument (VI) developed using LabVIEW software tool. Programmable function generator produces the continuous frequencies to one of the filter circuit using LabVIEW program through one serial communication port and the corresponding output voltage of the filters along with the input frequency is stored in a file by reading the output AC voltage from the digital multimeter through another serial communication port using LabVIEW programming. The workprovides the efficient study of first and second order Active filters with high precession.
Keywords: Digital Multimeter, LabVIEW, PC, Programmable Function Generator, Virtual Instrument.

[1] H S Kalsi, Electronic Instrumentation (Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2005).
[2] Digital Synthesized Function Generator/Counter (Protek 9300 series) User Manual.
[3] Digital Multimeter (Hewlett Packard 34401A ) User Manual.
[4] S.V.Subrahmanyam, Linear And Digital IC's Applications (HI-TECH Publishers)
[5] Jeffrey Travis & Jim Kring, LabVIEW For Everyone (Pearson Education, Prentice Hall, 2007)
[6] Cory L. Clark, LabVIEW Digital Signal Processing (Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2005).
[7] M. Ashok Kumar, B. Rama Murthy, Ch.V.V. Ramana, Willem Clarke and K. VenuMadhav, Capacitance Measurement with Integrated Instruments, 2011 International Conference on Recent Advancements in Electrical, Electronics and Control Engineering, 978-1-4577-2149-6/11/$26.00 © 2011 IEEE.
[8] C. Chandra Mouli, P. Jyothi, K. Nagabhushan Raju, C. Nagaraja, T. Bheema Lingaiah and M. Ashok Kumar,Implementation of serial communication in LabVIEW to interface with 8051 based microcontroller, Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Vol.3. Issue.4, pp.7-9, ISSN 0974-2824.
[9] Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillespie Mazidi and Rolin D. McKinlay , The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems using Assembly and C,(2ndEditionPHI).
[10] C. Nagaraja, C. Chandra Mouli, S. Athavulla, and T. Bheemalingaiah, "A Microcontroller Based Programmable Power Supply." Lab Experiments – A Journal of Laboratory Experiments, vol. 10, No - 4, pp.249-253, December 2010.
[11] C. Chandra Mouli, V. Ramnath, D. Sailaja, and K. Nagabhushan Raju, "Embedded System Based ExhaustFan Control."LabExperiments – A Journal of Laboratory Experiments, vol. 11, No - 3, pp.200-201, September 2011.

Abstract: In this paper a simplified approach of Magenn Air Rotor System (MARS) power which is one of the recently found energy source. MARS is a lighter wind turbine that rotates about a horizontal axis in response to wind, generating electrical energy. This electrical energy is transferred down for immediate use, or to a set of batteries for later use, or to the power grid .Helium (an inert non-reactive lighter than air) sustains the Air Rotor which ascend to an altitude for best wind and its rotation also causes the Magnus effect. This provides additional lift, keeps the device stabilized, and keeps it positioned within a very controlled and restricted location. This is the latest technology in Energy sector and cheaper than other techniques and Eco friendly.

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Abstract: This paper proposes a rotor flux amplitude reference generation strategy for doubly fed induction machine based wind turbines. It is designed to address perturbations, such as voltage dips, keeping controlled the torque of the wind turbine, and considerably reducing the stator and rotor over currents during faults. In addition, a direct torque control strategy that provides fast dynamic response accompanies the overall control of the wind turbine. Despite the fact that the proposed control does not totally eliminate the necessity of the typical crowbar protection for this kind of turbines, it eliminates the activation of this protection during low voltage dips.
Index Terms: Under voltage dips, Crowbar protection, direct torque control, doubly fed induction machine, reference flux generation strategy.

[1] J. Lopez, E. Gubia , P. Sanchis, X. Roboam, and L. Marroyo, "Wind turbines based an doubly fed induction generator under asymmetrical voltage dips," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 23, no.1, pp. 321-330, Mar, 2008.
[2] S.Seman, J.Niiranen, and A. Arkkio, " Ride-throug analysis of doubly fed induction wind-power generator under unsymmetrical network disturbance," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1782-1789, Nov. 2006.
[3] X.Dawei, R. Li, P. J. Tavner, and S. Yang. "Control of a doubly fed induction generator in a wind turbine during grid fault ride-through," IEEE Trans. Eergy Convers., Vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 750-758, sep. 2006.

Abstract: Shunt compensation, especially shunt reactive compensation has been widely used in transmission system to regulate the voltage magnitude, improve the voltage quality, and enhance the system stability. Shunt-connected reactors are used to reduce the line over-voltages by consuming the reactive power, while shunt-connected capacitors are used to maintain the voltage levels by compensating the reactive power to transmission line. In this paper a model has been simulated using FACTS and a comparison between all the parameters with and without compensation has been formulated.
Keywords: Compensation, System Stability, Reactive Power, Active Power, Voltage Regulation

[1]. Beaulieu G., Bollen, M.H.J, Malgarotti S. and Ball R., Power quality indices and objectives. Ongoing activities in CIGRE WG 36-07. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2002. IEEE, Volume: 2, 21-25 July 2002, Pages: 789 – 794 vol.2
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[4]. M.H.J. Bollen, L.D.Zhang, Different methods for classification of three-phase unbalanced voltage dips due to faults. Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 66, Issue 1 2003, pages 59-69
[5]. Ambra Sannino, Michelle Ghans Miller, Math H.J. Bollen, Overview of Voltage Sag Mitigation. Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2000. IEEE, Volume: 4, 23-27 Jan, 2000, pages: 2872 – 2878 vol.4
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[9]. K. Linden, I. Segerqvist, Modeling of Load Devices and Studying Load/System Characteristics, Department of Electric Power Engineering, Tech. Rep., 1992
[10]. Jan Svensson, Grid-connected Voltage Source Converter- Control Principles and Wind Energy Applications, Ph.D. thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Technical Report no.331, March 1998

Abstract : Real-Time Whiteboard Capture System captures whiteboard lecture video in real time and extracts newly written pen strokes. Unlike other systems, it does not require special instruments such as electronic pen or whiteboard. The captured video images are classified into pen strokes on the whiteboard, foreground (person in front of the whiteboard) and Whiteboard Background Model (whiteboard without the text). The newly written pen strokes are extracted from current image frame and updated to the Whiteboard Background Model. Whiteboard Balancing is done where the colour of the whiteboard is corrected and made completely white. The captured video is processed at 8 frames per second (fps) instead of 25 fps that is output from the camera. Whiteboard balancing and reducing the processing frame rate provide a reduced bandwidth when transmitting whiteboard contents to remote meeting participants. This system can be used in conjunction with other teleconferencing tools such as voice conference and application sharing to improve online meeting experience.
Keywords: Whiteboard, real-time, luminance, pixels, archiving, foreground, bandwidth.

[1] L He and Z Zhang, Real-time whiteboard capture and processing using a video camera for remote collaboration, IEEE Trans Multimedia, vol 9, pp 198-206, January 2007
[2] L He and Z Zhang, Real-time whiteboard capture and processing using a video camera for teleconferencing, in Proc ICASSP, vol 2, pp 1113–1116, 2005
[3] L He, Z Liu, and Z Zhang, Why take notes? Use the whiteboard capture system, Proc ICASSP, vol 5, pp 776–779, 2003
[4] H S Malvar, L He, and R Cutler, High-quality linear interpolation for demosaicing of bayer-patterned colour images, Proc ICASSP, vol 3, pp 485–488, 2004
[5] E. Saund, Image mosaicing and a diagrammatic user interface for an office whiteboard scanner, Tech Rep, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1999
[6] Peter Meer, Charles V. Stewart and David E. Tyler, Robust computer vision: an interdisciplinary challenge, in Computer vision and image understanding, vol 78, pp 1-7, 2000
[7] R.C.Gonzalez, Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall Publication, Third Ed., 2008
[8] Ramesh Jain, Rangachar Kasturi and Brian G. Schunk, Machine Vision, McGraw-Hill Science, 1995
[9] Rousseeuw, P. and Leroy, A Robust Regression and Outlier Detection, John Wiley & Sons, 1987
[10] S X Ju, M J Black, S Minnerman, and D Kimber, Summarization of video-taped presentations: Automatic analysis of motion and gesture, IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Tech, vol 8, no 5, pp 686–696, September 1998

Abstract: A growing increase in the purchase of electric appliances in turn has resulted in growing demand of energy in households, small offices, shops ,academic institutes and even industries. Inefficient use of these appliances and energy consumption patterns and habits causes a waste of energy. There is an arising need to study the importance of energy feedback to inform the users on their behavior, leading to a reduction of this energy wasting behavior. The utilities need to implement demand side management and lay down pricing schemes motivating consumers to learn and adapt to personal control over usage of appliances thus resulting in energy saving. The top managements of the organizations need to frame energy policies to reduce increasing pressures on energy resources. The paper provides an overview of the main research efforts that are to be carried out in the direction to enable the consumer make judicious and wise use of appliances and energy patterns and contribute in smart grid implementation plans by playing a vital role.
Keywords: Smart Grids, Smart appliances, Automated Metering Infrastructure, Energy Demand Management, Perceived Personal Control

[1] Schisler, K.; Sick, T.; Brief, K., "The role of demand response in ancillary services markets," Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, 2008. T&D. IEEE/PES, vol., no., pp.1-3, 21-24 April 2008.
[2] The business scenen leader or follower developing the smart grid business casei IEEE, November / December 2008
[3] Smart washing machines leading smart appliances globally, http://www.fiercesmartgrid.com, /2012-07-25.
[4] Laurence Hauttekeete, Jeroen Stragier, Wouter Haerick and Lieven De Marez, "Smart, smarter, smartest... the consumer meets the smart electrical grid", 2010 IEEE.
[5] Energy Conservation Act 2001, India and related Policies.
[6] In my view what about U. S.? Deregulated electric power market economics.
[7] A.F. Orlando, M.P. Málaga, M.M. Huamani, "Methodology for generating electric load profiles for sizing an electric energy generation system," Proc of Energy and Buildings 52 ,2012, pp. 161–167.
[8] Pieter de Wilde, Marinus van der Voorden, "Providing computational support for the selection of energy saving building components," Proc of Energy and Buildings 36, (2004, pp. 749–758.
[9] K. Frank, D. Goswami Yogi,, " Energy Management and Conservation Handbook", CRC Press, United States, 2008.

Abstract: This paper describes the design of a Fuzzy logic based controller to counter the small instability in power system. The stabilizing signal is computed in real time using suitable fuzzy membership functions depending upon the state of the power factor. The use of output membership function permits further fine tuning of the controller parameters for varied system configurations especially in multi machine environment. The efficacy of the proposed stabilizing technique has been demonstrated using multi-machine computer simulation model of power system under a wide range of system and test conditions.
Keywords: Capacitor bank, Power System Stabilizer (PSS, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC).

[1]. Fuzzy Logic based Robust Power System Stabilizer for Multi-Machine Power System. This paper appears in: Industrial Technology, 2006. ICIT 2006. IEEE International Conference on Date of Conference: 15-17 Dec. 2006 Author(s): Gupta, R. Eng. Coll., Kota Sambariya, D.K. ; Gunjan, R. Page(s):1037-1042 .
[2]. Design of Genetic Algorithm Based Fuzzy Logic Power System Stabilizers in Multimachine Power System. This paper appears in: Power System Technology and IEEE Power India Conference, 2008. POWERCON 2008. Joint International Conference onDate of Conference: 12-15 Oct. 2008Author(s): Dubey, M. Dept. of Electr. Eng., Maulana Azad Nat. Inst. of Technol., Bhopal Page(s):1- 6 .
[3]. A simple fuzzy excitation control system for synchronous generator .This paper appears in: Emerging Trends in Electrical and Computer Technology (ICETECT), 2011 International Conference on Date of Conference: 23-24 March 2011Author(s): Ramya, R. Dept. of EEE, Thiagarajar Coll. of Eng., Madurai, India Selvi, K. Page(s): 35 - 39
[4]. Performance of A Fuzzy Power System Stabilizer With Tie Line Active Power Deviation Feedback. This paper appears in: Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2006. PSCE '06. 2006 IEEE PES Date of Conference: Oct. 29 2006-Nov. 1 2006 Author(s): Mitra, P. Dept. of Electr. Eng., Jadavpur Univ., Calcutta Chowdhury, S. ; Chowdhury, S.P. ; Pal, S.K. ; Lahiri, R.N. ; Song, Y.H. Page(s): 884 - 889
[5]. Velocity relaxed swarm intelligent tuning of fuzzy based power system stabilizer. This paper appears in: Power India Conference, 2006 IEEE Date of Conference: 0-0 0 Author(s): Mukherjee, V. Dept. of Electr. Eng., Asansol Eng. Coll. Ghoshal, S.P.
[6]. Comparison of Robust Fuzzy Logic and Fast output sampling feedback based Power System Stabilizer for SMIB This paper appears in: Industrial Technology, 2006. ICIT 2006. IEEE International Conference on Date of Conference: 15-17 Dec. 2006 Author(s): Gupta, R. Eng. Coll., Kota Bhatia, D. Page(s): 1031 - 1036
[7]. MATLAB simulink model of fuzzy logic controller with PSS and its performance analysis. This paper appears in: Advances in Engineering, Science and Management (ICAESM), 2012 International Conference on Date of Conference: 30-31 March 2012 Author(s): Gowrishankar, K. Department of ECE, Dr. Paul's Engineering College, Anna University, INDIA Masud Khan, M.D. Page(s): 541 - 550
[8]. Design of differential evolution algorithm-based robust fuzzy logic power system stabilizer using minimum rule base, This paper appears in:Generation, Transmission & Distribution, IETDate of Publication: February 2012Author(s): Vakula, V.S. Dept. of EEE, JNT Univ., Kakinada, India Sudha, K.R. Volume: 6 , Issue: 2 Page(s): 121 - 132
[9]. Synthetic Application of FPSS and TCSC for Improvement Of Voltage and Current Profiles in Electrical Power Systems. This paper appears in: Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2006 1ST IEEE Conference on Date of Conference: 24-26 May 2006 Author(s): Kazemi, A. Dept. of Electr. Eng., Iran Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Tehran Mousavi, S.M.G. ; Kalantar, M. Page(s): 1 - 6
[10]. Neurofuzzy Power System Stabilizer. This paper appears in: Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on Date of Publication: Sept. 2008 Author(s): Chaturvedi, D.K. Fac. Of Eng., Dept. of Electr. Eng., Dayalbagh Educ. Inst., Agra Malik, O.P. Volume: 23 , Issue:3Page(s):887-894

Abstract: A 10 years data (2002-2012) was used to analyse the possibility of using weibull probability distribution function method to generate power for irrigational pumping machine, the mean and extractable power densities were found to be 22.75w/m2 and 13.49 Kwh/m2 at 25m height respectively, this indicate strongly that there is potential wind energy available for use in pumping water at the study site.
Key words: Wind speed, Weibull distribution, Power and Energy Densities

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Abstract: With the energy problems increasing seriousness, distributed generation is growing day by day. The distributed generation has wide range of applications for the merits of small investment, reliable and clean power supply, flexible generation manner, environment protection etc. DG can be used in an isolated way, supplying the consumer's local demand, or integrated into the grid supplying energy to the electrical power system. Distributed generation can run on renewable energy resources, fossil fuels or waste heat. DG can meet all or part of consumer's meet power needs. If connected to a distribution or transmission system, power can be sold to the utility. In this paper, an attempt is made to discuss different types of distribution generation and sources of distributed generation such as fuel cell, solar energy, wind energy, micro turbine. In this paper, different issues of power quality are also discussed.
Key words: Distributed Generation, Micro turbines, Photovoltaic, Power Quality, Reciprocating Diesel Engines

[1] R. C. Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, S. Santoso, H.W. Beaty, "Electrical Power System Quality", McGraw Hill.
[2] Hu Xue-hao, "Distributed Generation Technology and its Problems Incorporating into Power Network", Electrotechnical Journal, vol. 10, pp. 1-5, 2004.
[3] A. D. Hansen, E. C. Lopez, J. Persson, H. Knudsen, J. N. Nielsen, "Wind Power in Power Systems", John Wiley & Sons.
[4] A. F. Zobaa, C. Cecati, "A Comprehensive Review on Distributed Power Generation", SPEEDAM 2006.
[5] J. Driesen, R. Belmans, "Distributed Generation: Challenges and Possible Solutions", IEEE2006.

Abstract: An integrated conventional boost converter and a single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) using Fuzzy Logic Controller is presented on this paper. By use of classical boost converter, it contains insufficient step-up ratio, distribution of voltage stress is complex. It needs snubber circuit for additional protection. However, it is very difficult to satisfy both high voltage conversion ratio and high efficiency at once. As a solution to supplement the insufficient step-up ratio and distribute a voltage stress of a classical boost converter, a Sepic-integrated boost (SIB) converter, which provides an additional step-up gain with the help of an isolated Sepic converter using Fuzzy Logic Controller, is proposed. The main advantages a simple structure, continuous input current, and clamped switch voltage stress to the output voltage.
Keywords: Boost converter, Sepic converter. Sepic integrated Boost (SIB) converter, harmonic reduction, fuzzy logic controller.

[1]. M. A. Al-Saffar, "An improved topology of SEPIC converter with reduced output voltage ripple," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 2377–2386, Sep. 2008.
[2]. Paolo Mattavelli" General-Purpose Fuzzy Controller for DC–DC Converters", IEEE Trans. Power Electron. vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 79-86, May. 1995.
[3]. Henry Shu-Hung Chung" A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique for Solar Panels Using a SEPIC or Cuk Converter," IEEE Trans. Power Electron. vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 717-724, May. 2003.
[4]. Edy E. Jiménez-Toribio" Sensorless Control of SEPIC and Cuk Converters for DC Motors using Solar Panels," IEEE Trans. Power Electron.2009.
[5]. Simone Buso" Simplified Control Technique for High-Power-Factor Flyback Cuk and Sepic Rectifiers Operating in CCM," IEEE Trans. Power Electron. vol. 36, no.5, pp. 1413–2000, Sep. 2000.