iosr-JEEE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2015

Abstract:To understand an underwater optical communication, it is necessary to describe the optical path of the light underwater and the refractive index of water. In the present work the receiver signal power underwater has been calculated using free space optical wireless communication formula. This procedure has been used to calculate the link margin, data rate as a function of the distance link. Types of water have been taken in the consideration. Our results show that the signal to noise ratio most parameter in communication systems in the distance link, particularly for the refractive index n ≤ 1.4. The data rate, signal to noise ratio decreases as the refractive index of water and distance link increases.

Keywords: Refractive index of water, optical path, underwater communication, data rate, signal to noise ratio.

[1]. Arnon, S, Barry, J. R., Karagiannidis, G. K., Schober, R., Uysal, M., (2012), Advanced Optical Wireless Communication Systems', Cambridge University Press.
[2]. Pocela, J., Aguayo, M. C. Otero, P., (2012). Wireless Underwater Communications, Wireless Personal Communications, 64(3), 547-560; Doi: 10. 1007/s11277-012-0600-z.
[3]. Woodward, B., Sari, H., (2008), Underwater Speech Communications with a Modulated Laser, Applied Physics, B. 91,
[4]. Arnon,S., (2010), Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Network, Optical Engineering, vol. 49(1).
[5]. Kedar, D., Arnon, S., (2009), Subsea ultraviolet solar-blind broadband free-space optics communication, Optical Engineering, vol. 48(4).
[6]. Bouchet, O., (2006), Free-Space Optics: Propagation and Communication, London; Newport Beach, CA.

Abstract:UPFC (Unified power flow controller) is one of the most powerful and complex FACTS (Flexible AC transmission system) devices in a power system today. It is primarily used for simultaneous or independent control of real and reactive power in transmission lines for flexible, reliable and economic operation and loading of power systems. In this paper, the effectiveness of UPFC has been explored in transmission system network when subjected to three phase to ground fault condition. The comparison has been made between VSI (Voltage Source Inverter) based UPFC and ZSI (Z-Source Inverter) based UPFC. From the results so obtained, it has been established that the performance of ZSI based UPFC is superior as compared to that of VSI based UPFC.
Keywords: UPFC, FACTS, VSI, ZSI.

[1]. Shoorangiz Shams ShamsabadFarahani, Mehdi Nikzad, Mohammad BigdeliTabar, Mehdi GhasemiNaraghi and Ali Javadian"Dynamic stability enhancement and voltage support using UPFC tuned genetic algorithms in a multimachine environment"International Journal of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue No.22, pp. 5273-5280, 2 October, 2011.
[2]. B. Kawkabani, Y. Pannatier and J.-J.Simond,"Modeling and Transient Simulation of Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC) in Power System Studies"Internatinal Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, pp.333-338.
[3]. Pramod Kumar Gouda, Ashwin K. Sahoo and P. K. Hota," Modeling and simulation of UPFC using PSCAD/EMTDC"International Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue No.45, pp. 5965-5980, 30 November, 2012.
[4]. Arvind Kumar Singh, Upendra Prasad, RajenPudur and SatyendraKumar,"Modelling of single phase UPFC without DC capacitor" Vol. 3,Issue No. 5,pp.3732-3738, May 2011.

Abstract:Propagation models are essential tools for planning and optimization in mobile radio networks. In this paper we optimize Okumura Hata model by using an iterative algorithm based on Newton second order method. For that, radio measurements were made on the existing CDMA2000 1X-EVDO network through drive test on 800MHz frequency band. Calculating the root mean squared error (RMSE) between the actual measurement data and radio data from the prediction model developed allows validation of the results. A comparative study is made between the value of the RMSE obtained by the new model and those obtained by the standard model of OKUMURA HATA. We can conclude that the new model is better and more representative of our local environment than that of OKUMURA HATA. The new model obtained can be used for future radio planning when the government will open the market for LTE deployment in 800MHz in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Keywords: Drive test, Newton second order algorithm, propagation models, root mean square error.

[1]. Chhaya Dalela, and all « tuning of Cost231 Hata modele for radio wave propagation prediction », Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center, May 2012.
[2]. Deussom E. and Tonye E. «New Approach for Determination of Propagation Model Adapted To an Environment Based On Genetic Algorithms: Application to the City Of Yaoundé, Cameroon», IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Volume 10, pages 48-49, 2015.
[3]. Medeisis and Kajackas « The tuned Okumura Hata model in urban and rural zones at Lituania at 160, 450, 900 and 1800 MHz bands », Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings, VTC 2000-Spring Tokyo. IEEE 51st Volume 3 Pages 1815 – 1818, 2000.
[4]. Prasad and al « Tuning of COST-231Hata model based on various data sets generated over various regions of India »,
[5]. Mardeni &Priya and All, optimized COST-231 Hata model to predict path loss for suburban and open urban environments in the 2360-2390MHz, Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 13, 91-106, 2010.

Abstract: This paper presents a finding an optimal location and best parameter setting of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) by Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) and Modified Shuffled Frog Leap Algorithm (MSFLA) and Imperialist Competitive Algorithm(ICA) for minimizing the active and reactive power loss in power system. The UPFC is one of the important Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device that control simultaneously voltage magnitude at the sending end and the active and reactive power at the receiving end bus. The FACTS devices have been proposed to be effective for controlling the power flow in transmission lines. However the cost of installing the UPFC is too high. Therefore the objective functions used in this paper consider a way to find the compromise solution to a problem. Simulations have been implemented in MATLAB software and IEEE 39 bus system is used. Installing the UPFC in the optimal location by ICA Algorithm can significantly minimize the active and reactive power loss in the power system network. The result of the ICA is compared with the BFO and MSFL algorithms.

Keywords: Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC); Optimized Placement; Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA), Modified Shuffled Frog Leap Algorithm (MSFLA), Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA).

[1]. Riya mary Thomas," Survey of Bacterial Foraging optimization algorithm," in International Journal of Science and Modern Engineering (IJISME) Issn:2319-6386, Vol.1, Issue 4, 2013.
[2]. P. Ramesh and M. Damodara reddy, "Loss reduction through optimal placement of Unified Power –Flow Controller using Firefly Algorithm," in IJAREEIE, Vol.2, issue 10, October 2013.
[3]. Optimal Location of Unified Power Flow Controller by Differential Evolution Algorithm Considering Transmission Loss Reduction Ghamgeen Izat Rashed, Yuanzhang Sun, Senior Member, IEEE, Khalid A. Rashed, and H. I. Shaheen IN IEEE 2012.
[4]. Jigar S.Sarda, Manish J.Chauhan, Viren B.Pandya, Dhaval.G.Patel,"Optimal Location of Multi-type of FACTS device using Genetic Algorithm," International Journal of Research in Computer Science Issn 2249-8265 Vol 2, Issue 3, pp11-15,2012.
[5]. Kirankumar Kuthadi and M.Suresh Babu," A modified Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques for solving improvement of voltage stability and reduce power losses using UPFC," Issn:2248-9622, Vol 2, Issue 3,pp 1516-1521, 2012.
[6]. S. Janathan, S. Palaniswami," New refined Bacterial Foraging for multi Disciplinary and Multi objective problems," in Journal of Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics, Vol.5, No.2, pp. 113-131, 2012.

Abstract:This paper gives a control for three phase Sensor less brushless DC (BLDC) motor in all four quadrant operation. The control system in this paper is capable to detect and identify the rotor position by sensor less method signal. In this paper behaviour of BLDC motor is studied in all four quadrant operations through simulation model. The simulation is carried out for four quadrant operation and during regenerative braking kinetic energy is wasted as heat energy. This paper gives utilization of wasted kinetic energy is converted and stored in battery. The simulation model shows the control for four quadrant operation without sensor. From this paper during regenerative braking instead of wasting kinetic energy can be considerable as saving of power.

Keywords: BLDC motor; Four quadrant operation; regenerative braking; Digital controller Introduction

[1]. C. S. Joice, Dr. S. R. Paranjothi, and Dr. V. J. S. Kumar, ―Practical implementation of four quadrant operation of three phase Brushless DC motor using dsPIC,‖ in Proc. IConRAEeCE 2011, 2011, pp. 91.97, IEEE.
[2]. P. Yedamale, Microchip Technology Inc., ―Brushless DC (BLDC) motor fundamentals,‖ 2003, AN885.
[3]. B. Singh and S. Singh ―State of the art on permanent magnet brushless DC motor drives,‖ J. Power Electron., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–17, Jan,09.
[4]. L. N. Elevich, ―3-phase BLDC motor control with hall sensors using 56800/E digital signal controllers,‖ AN1916, Application Note, Rev. 2.0, 11/2005.
[5]. Afjei, O. Hashemipour, M. A. Saati, and M. M. Nezamabadi, ―A new hybrid brushless DC motor/generator without permanent magnet,‖ IJE Trans. B: Appl., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 77–86, Apr. 2007.

Abstract: This paper proposes the idea of using "Fuzzy Logic Technique" in estimating motor speed and controlling it for Induction motor. The Induction motor is modeled using dq axis theory. The main objective of this project is to develop a fuzzy logic based controller to control the speed of the induction motor, employing the scalar control model. The voltage and frequency input to the induction motor are to be controlled in order to obtain the desired speed response. The designed Fuzzy Logic Controllers performance is also weighed against with that of a PI controller. For V/f speed control of the induction motor, a reference speed has been set and the control architecture includes a rule base of 49 rules. These rules portray a nonchalant relationship between two inputs i.e. speed error (e), change in speed error (Δe) and an output i.e change ofcontrol (ωsl)

Keywords: InductionMotor,V/f induction motor speed control, dq axis theory, Fuzzy Logic controller, MamdaniArchitecture, Membership functions and PI controller

[1]. Electric machinery, Fitzgerald & Kingsley
[2]. Modern Control Engineering, Katsuhiko Ogata
[3]. Zimmermann, H. (2001). Fuzzy Set Theory and Its Applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-7435-5
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Abstract: In small scale and large scale applications like automobile industries, domestic appliances such as Refrigerators, washing machine and air conditioning units which use conventional motor technology. These conventional motors have a chacterstics of Low torque, high maintenance and low efficiency. The usage of BLDCM enhances various performance factors ranging from higher efficiency, higher torque, high power density, low maintenance and less noise than conventional motors. The main drawback is high cost. In this paper a two leg inverter fed BLDCM drive is proposed which uses only four switches and two current sensors compared with six switches, three current sensors in case of three leg inverter fed BLDCM drive. Less number of switches and current sensors means less switching loss and low cost. In this paper a two leg inverter fed BLDCM drive with two input DC source is proposed. The proposed PMBLDCM drive is modeled and its performance is simulated in MATLAB / SIMULINK . This proposed method is a simple, low cost and enhanced performance of dive is obtained i.e., reduced torque ripple, less voltage stress, Low current THD and fast dynamic performance of PMBLDCM drive.

Keywords: Closed loop, PMBLDC motor, Torque ripple, Two leg inverter

[1]. C. L. Puttaswamy, B. Singh, and B. P. Singh, Investigations on dynamic behavior of permanent magnet brushless dc motor drive, Elect .Power Compon. Syst., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 689–701, Nov. 1995.
[2]. "Mathematical modeling of bldc motor with closed loop speed control using pid controller under various loading conditions", ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 7, no. 10, Oct 2012, pp 1321-1328
[3]. Bhim Singh and Sanjeev Singh. "State of art on permanent magnet brushless Dc motor Drives", Journal of Power Electronics. 9(1): 1-17 ,Jan 2009.
[4]. Kim, Namhun, Toliyat, H.A. , Panahi, Issa M. , Min-Huei Kim, "BLDC Motor Control Algorithm for Low-Cost Industrial Applications ", Applied Power Electronics Conference, APEC 2007 - Twenty Second Annual IEEE, pp 1400 – 1405,Feb. 25 2007-March 1 2007
[5]. Rodriguez, F. Emadi, A." A Novel Digital Control Technique for Brushless DC Motor Drives " IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Oct. 2007, Vol 54 , Issue: 5 , pp 2365 - 2373

Abstract: Visitor counting system is counter based system that count the number of visitors comes to a specific area. This visitor counting system can be used at the entrance of the intended visitor counting area like market place, shopping mall, pedestrian traffic management etc. for counting total number of visitor. It is very important for getting information about how many visitors are present in a specific area at a given time. Visitors can be counted by using different types of sensors namely infra-red sensor, laser beam, video camera and thermal sensor. Literature shows that visitor can be counted accurate by using video camera with different video processing methods. This paper shows an approach of visitor counting system based on video camera. Images from video camera can be taken to computer via USB for different image processing and counting the visitors. This visitor counting system can be implemented in Matlab Simulink and with the help of image processing toolbox this system is able to count visitors efficiently.

Keywords: Visitor, Video Camera, Segmentation, Image processing

[1]. K. Terada, D. Yoshida, S. Oe, and J. Yamaguchi, "A method of counting the passing people by using the stereo images", International conference on image processing, pp. 338-342,1999.
[2]. Byrne, John A.; Gerdes, Lindsey (November 28, 2005). "The Man Who Invented Management". BusinessWeek. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
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[4]. K. Terada, D. Yoshida, S. Oe and J. Yamaguchi." A counting method of the number of passing people using a stereo camera", IEEE Proc. of Industrial Electronics Conf., Vol. 3, pp.1318-1323, 1999.
[5]. B. Son, S. Shin, J. Kim, and Y. Her "Implementation of the RealTime People Counting system using Wireless Sensor Networks", International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 63-79 July, 2007.
[6]. A. Vicente, I. Muñoz, P. Molina, and J. Galilea "embedded vision modules for tracking and counting people", IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 3004-3011, September 2009.
[7]. L., Damien, "Real-Time People Counting system using Video Camera", Master of Computer Engineering Thesis, Image and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology Gjøvik University College, Norway, 2007.

Abstract: Optimal power flow (OPF) is one of the most important algorithms available to utility for generating least cost generation patterns in a power system satisfying transmission and operational constraints. A wide variety of conventional techniques are available to obtain solution. In day to day life, the forecasted loads used in classical OPF algorithms are increasing with time and are also not completely free from errors. By varying the load demands leads to overloading of the transmission lines and forecasted errors cause loss of optimal system. So in this modern optimal power flow algorithms may not be able to provide optimal solutions. This paper presents solution of optimal power flow problem for 30bus system via a simple genetic algorithm analysis. Our objective is to minimize the fuel cost and keep the power outputs of Alternators, Line bus voltages, line shunt capacitors/reactors and transformers tap-setting in their secure limits.

Keywords: FACTS; Genetic algorithm; Optimal power flow.

[1]. M. S. Osman, Abo-Sinna M. A. and Mousa A. A., "A solution to the optimal power flow using genetic algorithm", Applied mathematics and computation, vol. 155, pp. 391-405, 2012.
[2]. W. Hermann Dommel and F. William Tinney, "Optimal Power Flow Solutions", IEEE Trans. Power apparatus and systems, October 2000.
[3]. M. Younes, M. Rahli and L. Abdelhakem- Koridak, 2007, "Optimal Power Flow Based on Hybrid Genetic Algorithm", Journal of Information Science And Engineering 23, pp. 1801-1816.
[4]. J. H. Holland, "Adaptation in natural and Artificial Systems", The university of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, USA, 2012.
[5]. K. Vijayakumar, R. P. Kumudinidevi, D. Suchitra, "A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Optimal Power Flow Incorporating FACTS Devices", IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA .
[6]. D.E. Goldberg, "Genetic Algorithms in search, optimization, and Machine Learning, Addison Wesley Publishing Company",2013.
[7]. T. S. Chung, Y. Z. Li, "A hybrid GA approach for OPF with consideration of FACTS devices", Power Engineering Review, IEEE, Volume 20, pp.54 – 57, Aug 2009.
[8]. Z. Michalewicz, "A survey of constraint handling techniques in evolutionary computation methods," Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, pp. 135-155, 2012.
[9]. Tarek Bouktir, Linda Slimani, M. Belkacemi, "A Genetic Algorithm for Solving the Optimal Power Flow Problem", Leonardo Journal of Sciences Issue 4, January-June 2014.
[10]. O. Alsac, B. Scott, "Optimal Load Flow with Steady State Security", IEEE Transactions, PAS-93, pp. 745-751, 2004.

Abstract: This paper presents the analysis of the Darlington pair as an element in a distributed amplifier (DA) configuration. The Darlington pair circuit with the input and output inductor of the DA transmission line are included in the analysis of the circuit, this is also simulated. The inherent problem of poor performance is reduced by the inductors. The overall result shows that high power gain at high frequency is achievable with Darlington pair as the stage element of a given DA.

Keywords: Distributed amplifier, Darlington pair topology.

[1]. R. L. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, Electronic devices and circuit theory (New Delhi, India Pearson 2009)
[2]. M. H. Rashid, Microelectronic circuit analysis and design, (Canada Cengage learning, Inc 2011)
[3]. A. S. Sedra, and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic circuit, (USA, Oxford University Press 2004)
[4]. M. Abhishek, and S. N, Mohammad, Tuned performance of small – signal BJT Darlington pair Pergamon solid – state electronics, 2000, pp. 369 – 371.
[5]. S, Shukla, and S. Susmrita, A New Circuit Model of Small – Signal Amplifier using JFETs in Darlington pair Configuration, International journal of advanced research in electrical, electronics and instrumentation engineering, vol. 2 issue 4. 2013.
[6]. A. M. H, Sayed, M. M. E Fahmi, and S. N. Mohammad, Qualitative Analysis of High Frequency Performance of Modified Darlington pair, Pergamon Solid – State Electronics, 2002 pp. 593 – 595.

Abstract: This paper proposed a fuzzy logic‐based joint space path planning system of robot manipulator with 3‐DOF joints. The proposed planning system was composed of several separate fuzzy units which control individually each manipulator joint. The Main inputs of the first fuzzy block were Δ𝜃1𝑔 𝑖+1, 𝜃1 𝑖, the main inputs for the second fuzzy block were Δ𝜃2𝑔𝑖+1, 𝜃2 𝑖 and Δ𝜃3𝑔𝑖+1, 𝜃3 𝑖 of the third fuzzy block. The outputs wereΔ𝜃1 𝑖+1 and Δ𝜃2 𝑖+1 and Δ𝜃3 𝑖+1 respectively. The objective was to move the arm from an initial configuration (start configuration) to a final configuration (goal configuration). Simulation results shows that the robot reached the goal configuration successfully.
Keywords: Joint space, path planning, fuzzy logic, robot manipulator, motion planning.

[1]. Carl D, Crane III, Joseph D, (Eds). Kinematic Analysis of Robot Manipulators, Cambridge University Press, UK,USA, Australia, 2008.
[2]. Appin Knowledge Solutions, "Robotics: Appin Knowledge Solutions", Infinity Science Press Publications LCC, Hingham, Massachusetts, New Delhi, 2007.
[3]. Kermiche S., Larbi S. M., and Abbassi H. A., " Fuzzy Logic Control of Robot Manipulator in the Presence of Fixed Obstacle",The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 4, No.1, pp. 26-32, January 2007.
[4]. Yi-liF. , Bao J., Han L., and Shu-guo W., "A Robot Fuzzy Motion Planning Approach in Unknown Environments for Three-Degree Industrial Robots", higer education press and springer-verlag, Vol. 3, pp. 336-340,2006.
[5]. Cheung E., and Lumelsky V., "Proximity Sensing in Robot Manipulator Motion Planning: System and Implementation Issues", IEEE Trans. Robotics and Automation, 1989, 5(6): 740–751. Downloaded from Iraqi Virtual science library at 8/2/2013.

Abstract: The Nigerian 330Kv transmission network is faced with various problems. This paper has focused on the technical and non-technical losses estimated in the network. The network is characterized by high voltage drops and power losses which can be attributed to low generation, long and fragile radial network, making it highly prone to failure, unreliability, inefficiency and poor performance. The network was analyzed using Power World Simulator (PWS), the result showed that the energy loss due to the 330Kv transmission network is about 454.73 GW amounting to over 4.4 billion naira.
Keywords: Transmission, Losses, Technical, Energy, Electricity.

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