IOSR-JAP   Volume-4 ~ Issue-2 ~ July–August 2013

Abstract: Aims: To assess the awareness of Orthodontic treatment among school children in Karnataka. Settings and Design: School settings and Descriptive cross-sectional survey. Methods and Material: A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted in all the 30 districts of Karnataka. School children in the age group of 10-16 years were the target population. Population proportionate technique was employed for the sample size estimation. A total sample of 9505 was randomly selected from 102 schools all over Karnataka. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to record the awareness of children towards orthodontic treatment. Statistical analysis used: One way Anova, Scheffe's post hoc-test. Results: Our study showed an average awareness of orthodontic treatment in Karnataka school children. Conclusions: The awareness was influenced by the literacy rate as districts with higher literacy showed higher awareness of children towards orthodontic treatment and districts with lower literacy rate showed lesser awareness of children towards orthodontic treatment.

Keywords - Awareness , Karnataka, Literacy, Orthodontic treatment , School children.

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Abstract: For the first time in solar physics, this paper reports a comprehensive study how 235Uranium fission causes Sunlight by the atomic phenomenon, Padmanabha Rao Effect against the theory of fusion. The first major breakthrough lies in identifying as many as 153 solar lines in the Bharat Radiation range from 12.87 to 31 nm reported by various researchers since 1960s. The Sunlight phenomenon is explained as follows. For example, the energy equivalence 72.48 eV of the most intense 17.107 nm emission in the middle of solar spectrum is the energy lost by β, γ, or X-ray energy of a fission product while passing through core-Coulomb space. This energy loss is the Bharat Radiation energy that cause EUV, UV, visible, and near infrared emissions on valence excitation. From vast data of emissions and energies of various fission products, 606.31 keV β (Eβmax) energy of 131I was chosen as the source of 17.107 nm emission. For the first time a typical Bharat Radiation spectrum was observed when plotted energy loss against β, γ, or X-ray energies of fission products supposedly present in solar flare and atmosphere : 113Xe, 131I, 137Cs, 95Zr, 144Cs, 134I, 140Ba, 133I, 140La, 133In etc that caused solar lines. Consistent presence of a sharp line for four months in AIA spectral EUV band at 335A exemplifies self-sustained uranium fission from a small site appeared in SDO/AIA image at 304A. Sun's dark spot is explained as a large crater formed on Sun's core surface as a result of fission reaction that does not show any emission since fission products would be thrown away from the site during fission. Purely the same Sun's core material left over at the site after fission reaction devoid of fission products and any emission seems to be the familiar dark Matter. This could be the first report on the existence of Sun's Dark Matter. Keywords: X-ray, β, γ, Bharat Radiation, EUV, UV, visible light, near infrared, solar flare, Sunlight phenomenon, Padmanabha Rao effect, 235U fission, SDO/AIA image of Sun, AIA spectral band, Dark Sun spots, Dark Matter, fission products, 131I, 137Cs, 133Xe, 90Sr, 90Y, core-Coulomb space, valence excitation, 94A, 131A 171A,193A, 211A, 304A, 335A.

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Abstract: Tetra Glycine dihydrated Calcium Chloride (TGDCC) single Crystal has been grown by slow evaporation techniques. Urea has been introduced by concentration ratio to the parental crystal. The investigation of this research work is to find the rate of change of optical and structural behaviors of the crystal by urea through UV-Vis, P-XRD, XRD, FTIR and SHG studies.

Keywords - Slow evaporation solution growth, UV-vis, P-XRD, XRD, FTIR, and SHG studies.

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Abstract: Four-dimensional equation of a progressive wave is proposed to express wave-criterion in four-dimensional world. Moreover in this equation a new mechanical operator is obtained.

Keywords- Three and Four-Dimensional Wave Criteria, Relativistic Mechanics, Progressive Gravitational Wave.

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Abstract: Source locations and depths to magnetic contacts were estimated from the total intensity magnetic field of an area of 3,025.25 square kilometres on geographical latitude N o ' 7 00 to N o ' 7 30 and longitude E o ' 3 00 to E o ' 3 30 within Abeokuta area, using local wavenumber method. This study was carried out using digitised airborne magnetic data of basement complex formation. Structural interpretation of the magnetic data was achieved through applying advanced processing techniques that provide automatic delineation and depth estimation of the magnetic structures. Local wavenumber method was used for locating and estimating depth to magnetic contact. The magnetic contact depth ranges from 0.145km to 2.692km.

Key words: Aeromagnetic, basement, magnetic intensity, magnetic inclination, magnetic declination, magnetic susceptibility

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Abstract: A comparative study is conducted on the structure, electronic and spectroscopic properties of Ag2SO4 and LiAgSO4. Both the sulphates crystallise in an orthorhombic structure with the same space group of Fddd (70). A red shift in Raman modes indicates the stiffness of the crystal Ag2SO4 over LiAgSO4. From ESR, it is observed that these sulphates has Mn2+ impurities leading to the gav= 2.1040 at a field of 3255 G. This indicates that the Mn2+ ions have an environment close to octahedral symmetry. The g value corresponding to Ag2SO4 is 2.3005. The endothermic peaks in LiAgSO4 at 388.8 and 4200C are due to the formation of BCC structure of LiAgSO4. The peak at 420.90C in Ag2SO4 may be due to the phase transition of β-Ag2SO4 particles to α-Ag2SO4 on heating.

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Abstract: An assessment of radiofrequency exposure due to GSM 900 and GSM 1800 was carried out at 30 strategic locations in the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan with a frequency selective spectrum analyzer (SPECTRAN HF 60105). The Spectrum analyzer was coupled to a calibrated Omnidirectional antenna to obtain a spatial power density for each location. The mean power densities of 38.37μW/m2and 8.68μW/m2 and maximum power densities of 212.40μW/m2and 67.40μW/m2 were obtained for GSM 900 and GSM 1800 respectively. The standard deviation of 51.3 μW/m2 and 14.90μW/m2 were also obtained for GSM 900 and GSM 1800 respectively. GSM 900 and GSM 1800 respectively show compliance level of 0.0047% and 0.00075% with the ICNIRP reference level. Keywords – power density, GSM, radiofrequency, exposure, spectrum analyzer

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Abstract: Thin films of TiO2 were deposited on quartz and p-Si (100) substrates held at room temperature by sputtering of titanium target at various sputter powers in the range 80 - 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for an hour at 1023 K. The annealed films were characterized by using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Surface morphology, dielectric and optical properties. The deposition rate of the films increased from 1.26 to 6.66 nm/min. with increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. TiO2 films formed at sputter power of 80 W and annealed at 1023 K were polycrystalline in nature with anatase phase crystallite size of 40 nm, dielectric constant of 10, optical band gap of 3.65 eV and refractive index 2.35.

Keywords: TiO2, DC sputtering technique, FTIR

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Abstract: The popular 555 IC timer incorporated as time delay circuit and operated with a 5V DC source was adapted to design and construct an automatic day and night household Electrical lights monitoring and control circuitry for residences.

KEYWORD: 555 IC Timers, Comparator, Potentiometer, Photocell, Signal

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Abstract: For the first time, we derived a constituted carrier wave equation which is the result of superposing a 'parasitic wave' on a 'host wave'. The attenuation mechanism of the several properties of the carrier wave produced by the two interfering waves as it propagates in a viscous fluid is effectively studied using simple differentiation technique.In this work,we subjected the constituted carrier wave to some basic boundary conditionswith a multiplicative factor as a constraint in other to determine quantitatively the basic intrinsic characteristics of the two interfering waves which were initially not known. Initially, the carrier wave and its several propertiesshow a blurred spectra characteristics followed by a gradual depletion of the wave form. The initial blurred nature of the resulting spectra is an indication of the resistance of the intrinsic parameters of the 'host wave' to the destructive tendency of the interfering 'parasitic wave'. The subsequent depleting behaviorof the carrier waveindicates the predominance of the 'parasitic wave'. After this time, a steady decay process resulting to a gradual reduction and weakening in the initial strength of the intrinsic parameters of the 'host wave' becomes prominent. The constituted carrier wave becomes monochromatic in nature since each component of the wave packet have different phase velocity in the medium, the modulation propagation number of the components of the carrier wave changes in the medium and consequently the group velocity changes. This study reveals that when a carrier wave is undergoing attenuation under any circumstance, it does not consistently come to rest; rather it shows some resistance at some point during the decay process, before it is finally brought to rest.

Keywords: 'Host wave', 'parasitic wave' carrier wave, characteristic angular velocity, group angular velocity, phase velocity.

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Abstract: The physical property of strongly correlated electrons on a three-dimensional (3D) 3 x 3 x 3 cluster of the simple cubic lattice is here presented.In the work we developed the unit step Hamiltonian as a solution to the single band Hubbard Hamiltonian for the case of two electrons interaction in a finite three dimensional lattice. The approximation to the Hubbard Hamiltonian study is actually necessary because of the strong limitation and difficulty pose by the Hubbard Hamiltonian as we move away from finite - size lattices to larger N - dimensional lattices. Thus this work has provided a means of overcoming the finite - size lattice defects as we pass on to a higher dimension. We have shown in this study, that the repulsive Coulomb interaction which in part leads to the strong electronic correlations, would indicate that the two electron system prefer not to condense into s-wave superconducting singlet state (s = 0), at high positive values of the interaction strength. This study reveals that when the Coulomb interaction is zero, that is, for free electron system (non-interacting), thevariational parameters which describe the probability distribution of lattice electron system is the same. The spectra intensity for on-site electrons is zero for all values of the interaction strength.

Keywords: unit step Hamiltonian, Hubbard Hamiltonian, 3D cubic lattice, interaction strength, total energy, lattice separation.

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