IOSR-JAP   International Conference on Advances in Engineering & Technology – 2014 (ICAET-2014)

Abstract: The ultrasonic studies in liquids are great use in understanding the nature and strength of molecular interaction. The thermo-acoustical parameters for ternary liquids mixtures namely, Chlorobenzene + Benzene +Tetrahydrofuran (THF) have been estimated, from the measured values of ultrasonic velocity (U), density (ρ) and viscosity (η). For velocity measurement, Ultrasonic Interferometer was used with an accuracy of ±0.01ms-1 working at fixed frequency 3MHz. The density of pure liquids and liquid mixtures was determined using pycknometer by relative measurement method with an accuracy of ±0.1Kgm-3. An Ostwald's viscometer was used for the viscosity measurement of pure liquids and liquid mixtures with an accuracy of ±0.0001NSm-2. Using the measured data, some of the acoustical parameters such as, adiabatic compressibility (βa), free length (Lf), free volume (Vf), internal pressure (πi), relaxation time (τ), and Gibb's free energy (ΔG) are evaluated at the temperature 298K. The present paper represents the nonlinear variation of ultrasonic velocity and the thermo-acoustical parameters lead to dipole- induced dipole interaction between chlorobenzene and benzene molecule while dipole-dipole interaction between the chlorobenzene and THF molecule. The behavior of these parameters with composition of the mixture has been discussed in terms of molecular interaction between the components of the liquids.

Keywords: Ultrasonic velocity, acoustical parameters, molecular interactions, Chlorobenzene, Benzene, Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and ternary mixtures.

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Abstract: Polycrystalline CaSO4: Eu2+ phosphor has been prepared by co-precipitation method for its optimization and improvement in the photoluminescence (PL) characteristics. And also find applications in photoluminescence liquid crystal display (PLLCD). Photoluminescence measurements suggest that there is direct conversion of Eu3+ to Eu2+ on 273 nm irradiation which is corresponding to charge transfer band of Eu3+ ions and reduction of Eu2+ ions with 384 nm illuminations representing fd transitions of Eu2+ ions. Keywords - Photoluminescence, PLLCD, CaSO4: Eu, Emission spectra, Excitation spectra.

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Abstract: In this paper, nanocrystalline (Pb1-xBix)S thin films were successfully deposited on suitably cleaned glass substrate at constant room temperature, using the chemical bath deposition technique. The deposited films were further annealed at 4000 C in air. The optical characterization of the films was done by optical absorption and transmission spectra in the range 400-1100 nm using UV spectrophotometer. The band gap of the films was found to be in the range 1.6-2.2 eV for x = 0 to 0.05. The room temperature electrical resistivity of the synthesized films was measured by photoconductivity measurement unit. On increasing Bi doping concentration, electrical conductivity decreases.

Keywords: Band Gap, Chemical Synthesis, Electrical Resistivity, Optical Properties, Thin Films

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Abstract: The Powder samples of SrAl2B2O7:Tb3+ were prepared by solution combustion method. The synthesis is based on the exothermic reaction between the fuel (Urea) and Oxidizer (Ammonium nitrate). The structures of the prepared powder samples were confirmed by powder XRD technique. The photoluminescence properties of the powder samples were investigated under UV excitation. The phosphor SrAl2B2O7:Tb3+ shows strong absorption over a wide UV region and exhibits intense green emission peaking at about 544 nm corresponding to 5D4 → 7F5 transitions of Tb3+ under 254 nm UV excitation.

Keywords: Alumino-Borates, Combustion Synthesis, XRD, Photoluminescence.

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Abstract: A quantum mechanical model of MISIM structure has been considered and its current-voltage characteristics has been studied for different insulator thickness, inter-electrode separation and device temperature before and after inversion both in presence and absence of oxide trap levels. The current-voltage characteristics exhibit an S-type NDR after threshold inversion voltage which depends on oxide thickness and other parameters. The capacitance-voltage has also been studied along with the current-voltage characteristics under optical illumination. The results obtained are found to be in close conformity with the theory of tunneling effect.

Keywords: MISIM diode, Negative Differential Resistance, Tunneling effect, WKB Approximation.

[1] T. P. Das, Soumen Banerjee and J. P. Banerjee, Quantum Mechanical Model of MISIM Nanostructures, Proc. XIth Int. Workshop on the Physics of Semiconductor Devices (IWPSD- 2001), 1, IIT Delhi, 2001, 338-342.

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[7] M. Rasras, I. De Wolf, G. Groeseneken, B. Kaczer, Robin Degraeve and H. E. Maes, Photocarrier generation as the origin of Fowler-Nordheim induced substrate hole current in thin oxides, IEEE Trans. ED, 48 (2), 2001, 231.

Abstract: Nanofluids are stable suspensions of nanoparticles (1-100nm) in base fluids that show many interesting properties, and their distinctive features offer unprecedented potential for many applications. This review summarizes the development of nanofluids through various routes and presents the broad range of current and future applications in various fields including nuclear reactors, transportation, electrical energy, mechanical, magnetic, solar absorption, and biomedical fields. However, few barriers and challenges that have been identified due to size shape and temperature must be discussed carefully before it can be fully implemented in the industrial applications.

Keywords: Synthesis of nanofluids, Applications of nanofluids, Thermal conductivity, Challenges of nanofluids.

[1] Masuda, H., Ebata, A., Teramae, K., and Hishinuma, N., 1993, ―Alteration of Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Liquid by Dispersing Ultra-Fine Particles (Dispersion of γ-Al2O3, SiO2, and TiO2Ultra-Fine Particles),‖ Netsu Bussei, 4(4), pp. 227-233.

[2] Choi, S. U. S., 1995, ―Enhancing Thermal Conductivity of Fluids with Nanoparticles,‖ Developments and Applications of Non-Newtonian Flows, D. A. Siginer, and H. P. Wang, eds., The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, FED-Vol. 231 / MD-Vol.66, pp. 99-105.

[3] Chein, R., and Chuang, J., 2007, ―Experimental Microchannel Heat Sink Performance Studies using Nanofluids,‖ Int. J. Therm. Sci., 46(1), pp. 57-66. [4] Lee, J., and Mudawar, I., 2007, ―Assessment of the Effectiveness of Nanofluids for Single-Phase and Two-Phase Heat Transfer in Micro-Channels,‖ Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 50(3-4), pp. 452-463.

[5] Eastman, J. A., Choi, S. U. S., Li, S., Yu, W., and Thompson, L. J., 2001, ―Anomalously Increased Effective Thermal Conductivities of Ethylene Glycol-Based Nanofluids Containing Copper Nanoparticles,‖ Appl. Phys. Lett., 78(6), pp. 718-720.

[6] Yu,W.,France,D.M.,Routbort, J.L.,and Choi, S.U.S.,2008,―Review and Comparison of Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity and Heat Transfer Enhancements,‖ Heat Transfer Eng., 29(5), pp. 432-460.

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Abstract: Ultrasonic velocity and absorption measurements in binary liquid mixture as a function of the concentration and concentration are useful in gaining insight into the structure and bonding of associated molecular complexes and other molecular processes occurs in these liquid mixtures. The results observed in these ultrasonic measurements have been correlated with molecular interactions in liquid mixtures with some degree of success. The absorption and velocity of sound in binary mixtures of triethylamine with n-hexane have been measured at a central frequency of 5MHz, using the interferometer. Ultrasonic absorption peaks at intermediate concentrations have been found in a binary mixture. In this work, measurements of the velocity, absorption coefficient, density, adiabatic compressibility, excess compressibility, and shear viscosity as functions of the concentration are reported. The adiabatic compressibility and excess compressibility were calculated from the velocity and the density measurements. The ultrasonic velocity (u), density (ρ) and viscosity (η) have been measured for the binary mixtures of triethylamine with n-hexane at 305.15K. From the experimental data, Adiabatic Compressibility (β), Free Length (Lf ), Free Volume (Vf)), Internal Pressure (i), Acoustic Impedance (Z), and Cohesive Energy(H) have been calculated. In addition to that the excess values of certain above parameters are also computed.

Key Words: Magnetic fluid, ultrasonic velocity, density, viscosity, thermo-acoustic parameters, and intermolecular interactions.

J.N.Ramteke Advances in Applied Science Research, 2012, 3(3): 1832 – 1835 V.A. Tabhane and B. A. Patki, Acoustica, 52 (1982) 44-45. B. Jacobson, J. chem. Phys 20(1952) 927. Tabhane V A, Acoustic letters, 1988, 6, 8. B. L. Marvin and S. N. Bhatt, Acoustica, 6 (1983) 8-11. G. K. Johari and R.C. Misra, Ind J pure and appl Phys, 29 (1991) 155-158. Marvin B L and Bhat S N, Acostica 1987, 64, 155. S. S. Bhatti, Vivek J. S. and Singh D. P., Acoustica, (1982) 291. N. Manohar Murthy et al, Acoustica, 48 (1981) 341. R. T. Longman and W.S. Dunbar, J Phys chem. 49 (1945) 428. J. D. Pande and R. D. Rai Can J chem. 7 (1989) 437-441. Johari G K and Misra R C Indian J Pure &Appl Phys, 1987, 29,155. Nikam P S and Hirey, Indian J Pure &Appl Phys, 1991, 29,155. Sumathi T and Uma Maheswari, Indian J Pure &Appl Phys 2009, 47, 782. Rajedren V, Indian J Pure &Appl Phys 1996, 34, 52.

Abstract: Food is the basic necessity of life. One works hard and earns to satisfy our hunger .But at the end of the day, many of us are not sure of what we eat. We may be eating a dangerous flavors and dyes. Often, we invite diseases rather than good health. The purpose of this article is to detect the presence of food adulterants in some common foods and to create awareness about the artificial tests and dyes. A study of the IR spectra and the optical activitiy of two natural and artificial most common used flavor and colors (Vanilla and Strawberry) were detected. IR spectra of synthetic Vanilla were dominated by specific peaks that attributed to corresponding synthetic pigments (specific spectral band of stretching C=0 ester of aldehydic and ketonic groups in synthetic flavor at1744.87cm-1 with a weak shoulder at1700 cm-1 .And stretching CO of sucrose at (990.49 and 923,70) cm-1.The synthetic Strawberry characterized with specific spectral bands of (C=O stretching at 1634.96 cm-1 in ester and CO stretching of sucrose at 925 cm-1), while these functional groups disappeared in natural. Vanilla and Strawberry extracts. The natural Flavoring extracts posse's levorotatory property; they are optically active, while the synthetic extracts not rotates the plane of polarization of the light which passes through the material, they are said to be; not active optically. The obtained results indicated that, Infrared spectrum and Optical activity could be adapted to detect adulterants added products, and to differentiate between natural and artificial food flavoring extracts.

Key Words: Adulteration, Food dyes, Flavors, Vanilla, Strawberry.

[1] Blitz J, "Fundamental of Ultrasonics, Butterworth", (London, 1963). [2] Nithiyanantham S. and Palaniappan L., Ultrasonic Study on Glucose with a- amylase in aqueous media, Acta Ciencia Indica, 31(4), 2005, 533-538.
[3] Nithiyanantham S. and Palaniappan L., Molecular Interaction studies of fructose in aqueous amylase solution, Acta Ciencia Indica, 32(3), 2006, 387-391, [4] Nithya R., Mullainathan S. & Rajasekaran R., Ultrasonic Investigation of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures at 303 K. E J. of Chem., 6(1), 2009, 138-142. [5] Nithiyanantham S. and Palaniappan L., Acoustical studies on some disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) in Aqueous media at room temperature, Metals Materials and Processes, 20(3), 2008, 203-208. [6] S. Prabakar and K. Rajagopal, Study of molecular interactions in aprotic - aprotic binary mixtures through ultrasonic measurements, J. Pure Appl. Ultrason. 27, 2005, 41-48.
[7] K. Rajagopal and S. Chenthilnath, Molecular interaction studies and theoretical estimation of ultrasonic speeds using scaled particle
theory in binary mixtures of toluene with homologous nitriles at different temperatures, Thermochimica Acta, 498(1-2), 2010, 45-53. [8] Velusamy V., Nithiyanantham S. & Palaniappan L., Ultrasonic study of adsorption in Polysaccharides Metabolism, Main Group Chem., 6(1), 2007, 53-58.

Abstract: The density, ultrasonic velocity and viscosity at the temperature 308K and 2MHz frequency have been measured in the binary system of Cinnamaldehyde with the liquid acetone. From the experimental data of the density, ultrasonic velocity and viscosity, various acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βa), intermolecular free length (Lf) and the free volume (Vf) were calculated. These parameters throw the light on the solute-solvent and dipole-dipole interactions. Excess parameters like VfE, βaE, LfE are evaluated for the system investigated. From the properties of these excess parameters, the nature and the strength of interactions in this binary system are discussed. It has been observed that, weak dispersive type intermolecular interactions are confirmed in the systems investigated. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular interaction between the components of the mixtures.

Keywords: Acoustical parameters, Acetone, binary liquid mixtures, Cinnamaldehyde, Molecular interactions, and Ultrasonic velocity.

[1] Blitz J, "Fundamental of Ultrasonics, Butterworth", (London, 1963).

[2] Nithiyanantham S. and Palaniappan L., Ultrasonic Study On Glucose with a- amylase in aqueous media, Acta Ciencia Indica, 31(4), 2005, 533-538.

[3] Nithiyanantham S. and Palaniappan L., Molecular Interaction studies of fructose in aqueous amylase solution, Acta Ciencia Indica, 32(3), 2006, 387-391,

[4] Nithya R., Mullainathan S. & Rajasekaran R., Ultrasonic Investigation of Molecular Interactions in Binary Mixtures at 303 K. E J. of Chem., 6(1), 2009, 138-142.

[5] Nithiyanantham S. and Palaniappan L., Acoustical studies on some disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) in Aqueous media at room temperature, Metals Materials and Processes, 20(3), 2008, 203-208. [6] S. Thirumaran and M. Rajeswari, Acoustical studies on binary liquid mixtures of some aromatic hydrocarbons with ethylsulphoxide (DMSO) at 303.15 K , Archives of Physics Research, 2011, 2 (2): 149-156.
[7] K. Rajagopal and S. Chenthilnath, Molecular interaction studies and theoretical estimation of ultrasonic speeds using scaled particle
theory in binary mixtures of toluene with homologous nitriles at different temperatures, Thermochimica Acta, 498(1-2), 2010, 45-53. [8] Velusamy V., Nithiyanantham S. & Palaniappan L., Ultrasonic study of adsorption in Polysaccharides Metabolism, Main Group Chem., 6(1), 2007, 53-58.

Abstract: Ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (ADP) crystals were grown with glycine as an additive. The solubility studies and metastable zonewidth of ADP solution with and without this additive was determined and compared. Nucleation studies show that metastable zonewidth of ADP are enhanced by the addition of this amino acid. Moreover, the addition of this amino acid improves the quality of the crystal and yields highly transparent crystals with well-defined features. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that the crystalline perfection of these amino acid doped ADP crystals is extremely good without having any internal structural grain boundaries and mosaic nature. The effect of additives on the growth, nucleation kinetics, structural and optical properties has been investigated.

Keywords: Crystal Growth, Nucleation, Optical Properties, Solubility

[1] D. Xu and D. Xue, Chemical Bond Simulation of KADP Single-Crystal Growth, Journal of Crystal Growth, 310(7-9), 2008, 1385-1390. [2] R. J. Davey and J. W. Mullin, Growth of the {100} Faces of Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals in the Presence of Ionic Species, Journal of Crystal Growth,, 26, 1974, 45.

[3] K. Sethuraman, R. R. Babu, R. Gopalakrishnan and P. Ramasamy, Unidirectional Growth of (1 1 0) Ammonium Dihydrogen Orthophosphate Single Crystal by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy Method, Journal of Crystal Growth, 294(2), 2006, 349-352.

[4] S. Nagalingam, S. Vasudevan and P. Ramasamy, Effect of Impurities on the Nucleation of ADP from Aqueous Solution, Crystal Research and Technology, 16(6), 1981, 647-650.

[5] R. Ramesh and C. Mahadevan, Nucleation Studies in Supersaturated Aqueous Solutions of (NH4)H2PO4 Doped with (NH4)2C2O4·H2O, Bulletin of Materials Science, 21(4), 1998, 287-290. [6] N. P. Rajesh, K. Meera, K. Srinivasan, S. Ragavan and P. Ramasamy, Effect of EDTA on the Metastable Zone width of ADP, Journal of Crystal Growth, 213(3-4), 2003, 389-394

[7] K. Srinivasan, P. Ramasamy, A. Cantoni and G. Bocelli, Mixed Crystals of NH4H2PO4-KH2PO4: Compositional Dependence of Morphology, Microhardness and Optical Transmittance, Materials Science and Engineering: B, 52( 2-3), 1998, 129-133.

[8] M. Yoshimatsu, Some Observations of Imperfections in ADP Single Crystals by X-Ray Diffraction Micrography, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 5, 1966, 29-35.

[9] R. Reintjes and E. C. Eckardt, Evaporated Inhomogeneous Thin Films, Applied Optics, 5(1), 1966, 29-34.
[10] R.J. Davey, J.W. Mullin, Growth of the {100} faces of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals in the presence of ionic species, Journal of Crystal Growth, 26(1), 1974, 45–51.

Abstract: Polythiophene-Polyethylene oxide (PTh-PEO) polymer composite were prepared at room temperature by chemical oxidative polymerization method with FeCl3 as an oxidant in methanol solvent. The characteristics of PTh-PEO polymer composite films are investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DC conductivity was investigated as a function of temperature (303–338 K). PTh-PEO composite doped with the 4 wt. % Li2SO4 shows the maximum value of ionic conductivity which is of the order of 1.12 x10-5 S/cm. The temperature dependence of conductivity showed Arrhenius behaviour.

Keywords: Polymer composite, Polythiophene (PTh), Polyethylene oxide (PEO) and Lithium sulphate (Li2SO4), conducting polymers (CPs)

K. Takimiya, Y. Kunugi, Y. Toyoshima, T. Otsubo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (2005) 3605 Y. Wu, P. Liu, S. Gardner, B.S. Ong, Chem. Mater. 17 (2005) 221. B.S. Ong, Y. Wu, P. Liu, S. Gardner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 3378 M. Nicolas, F. Guittard, S. Géribaldi, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 (2006) 2251. F. Croce, G.B. Appetecchi, L. Persi, B. Scrosati, Nature 394 (1998) 456. J. McBreen, H.S. Lee, X.Q. Yang et al., J. Power Sources 89 (2000) 163. H. B. Yildiz, S. Kiralp, L. Topparre, Y. Yagci, Mater Chem Phys 100 (2006) 124-127. T. F. Otero, F. Santos, Eletrochimica Actra 53 (2008) 3166-3174. K.S. Ryu, Y.Lee, K. S. Han, M.G. Kim, Mater Chem Phys 84 (2004)380-384. Z. Tang, J. Wang, Q.Chen, W. He, C. Shen, X. X. Mao, J. Zhang, Eletrochimica Actra 52 (2007) 6638-6643. R.S. Bobade, S.V. Pakade, S. P. Yawale, J Non Cryst. Solids 355(2009)2410-2414 L. M. Yee, H.N.M. Ekramul Mahmud, A. Kassim, W.M. M. Yunus. Synth Metals 157 (2007)386-389. O. Tnganas, B. Liedberg, W. Chang-Ru, H. Wynberg, Synth. Metals,11, (1985) 239. M. Jaipal Reddy, P.P. Chu, J. Power Sources 109 (2002) 340

Abstract: The Spinel CuCrTiO4 is prepared with reactants Cu2O, Cr2O3 and TiO2 mixed in proper molar ratio . Compound identification is confirmed by X-ray diffraction pattern which points towards single phase spinel structure with cubic unit cell. The site distribution of cations in spinels plays an important role in understanding of electrical and magnetic properties. The observed electrical conductivity is explained on the basis of Verway model of hopping of charge carriers between the nearest cations . The electrical measurements between 350 °K to 775°K indicates the semiconducting behavior of the sample.

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Abstract: Two PVA-PEO nano-composite blend systems, i.e. System-I: PVA-PEO-LiCF3SO3-EC and System-II: PVA-PEO-AgNO3-PEG, are prepared using solution technique for different compositions of Al2O3 nano-filler (0-10wt%). Conductivity and relaxation properties of these systems are investigated using impedance spectroscopy. Relaxation dynamics for varying concentrations of nano-filler in these systems is investigated using modulus formalism wherein, variation of relaxation time values, calculated from M" vs. log f spectra are compared with conductivity variation at different Al2O3 concentration to closely inspect relationship between conductivity and relaxation properties. Scaling of modulus with nano-filler concentration is carried out to analyze time-composition superposition principle and dependency of relaxation dynamics on nano-filler concentration.

Keywords: Conductivity, Modulus, Nano-composite Blend, Relaxation Time, Scali

E.M. Abdelrazek, I.S. Elashmawi, and S. Labeeb, Chitosan filler effects on the experimental characterization, spectroscopic investigation and thermal studies of PVA/PVP blend films, Physica B, 405, 2010, 2021-2027. L. Lee, S.J. Park, and S. Kim, Effect of nano-sized barium titanate addition on PEO/PVDF blend-based composite polymer electrolytes, Solid State Ionics, 234, 2013, 19-24. M.R. Johan, O.H. Shy, S. Ibrahim, S.M.M. Yassin, and T.Y. Hui, Effects of Al2O3 nanofiller and EC plasticizer on the ionic conductivity enhancement of solid PEO-LiCF3SO3 solid polymer electrolyte, Solid State Ionics, 196, 2011, 41-47. H.M.J.C. Pitawala, M.A.K.L. Dissanayake, and V.A. Seneviratne, Combined effect of Al2O3 nano-fillers and EC plasticizer on ionic conductivity enhancement in the solid polymer electrolyte (PEO)9LiTf, Solid State Ionics, 178, 2007, 885-888. G. Choudalakis, and A.D. Gotsis, Free volume and mass transport in polymer nanocomposites, Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 17, 2012, 132-140. S. Ketabi, and K. Lian, Effect of SiO2 on conductivity and structural properties of PEO-EMIHSO4 polymer electrolyte and enabled solid electrochemical capacitors, Electrochimica Acta, 103, 2013, 174-178. J.E. Weston, and B.C.H. Steele, Effects of inert fillers on the mechanical and electrical properties of lithium salt-poly(ethylene oxide) polymer electrolytes, Solid State Ionics, 7, 1982, 75-79.

Abstract: Lead iron niobate [ +3 +5 1/2 1/2 3 Pb(Fe Nb )O ] (PFN) is recognized as lead-based complex-double perovskite [A(BIBII)O3] ferroelectrics. The PFN powder was synthesized by combustion route (SHS synthesis) and LS-glass by conventional quenching technique, separately. The compositions of PFN and LS-glass (0 to 3 wt %) were prepared by ball milling. The crystalline structure of as-synthesized PFN and PFN-LS and amorphous nature of LS-glass are confirmed by XRD. Microstructure was examined by SEM; indicates nanoscale dimensions of as-synthesized PFN. The dielectric property of PFN is found to be enhanced by liquid phase sintering.

Keyword: Sintering, nano-particle, Perovskites, Dielectric properties, Scanning electron microscope

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Abstract: The predicted exhaustion of fossil energy resources and the pressure of environmental constraints are stimulating an intensification of research on renewable energy sources in general, and on the photovoltaic conversion of solar energy, in particular. In this context, organic solar cells are attracting increasing interest which is motivated by the possibility of fabricating large-area, lightweight, and flexible devices using simple techniques having low environmental impact. Unfortunately Organic Photovoltaic, OPV cells have significantly low efficiency as compared to inorganic-based devices, highlighting its weakness at present. Hence to compete with inorganic solar cells the efficiency of organic solar cells has to be improved by a factor of 2-3 In this paper an attempt has been made to review the possibility of photo voltaic (PV) electricity as one of the best options for future energy requirements of the world.OPV cells have promising prospects as renewable energy due to their low cost, light weight, and mechanical flexibility. This paper describes some of the different approaches towards understanding and improving organic photovoltaic devices.

KEYWORDS: Constraints, OPV, Photovoltaic, Photovoltaic conversion.

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[3] Tom J. Savinije, DelftChemTech, Organic solar cells, Faculty of Applied Sciences Delft University of Technology

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Abstract: India has been actively working in close co-operation with other international agencies e.g. ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites), IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) etc. In the country, there are 27 World Heritage Sites out of which 22 are cultural sites and 5 are natural sites. The present research work involves a study of the neighborhood of an eminent Cultural World Heritage Site in India 'The Ajanta Caves' which is inscribed by the UNESCO in 1983 and it is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

Government of India – World Heritage Sites Management Plan:

[1] Ajanta Caves, India: Brief Description, UNESCO World Heritage Site. Retrieved 27 October 2006.

[2] Ajanta Caves: Advisory Body Evaluation, UNESCO International Council on Monuments and Sites. 1982. Retrieved 27 October 2006., p.2.

[3] "Ajanta Caves". Retrieved 2012-05-19

Abstract:Hexaferrites show favorable properties to be used for the applications of EMI shielding , like high values of resonance frequencies , relatively high permeability at microwave frequencies, high electrical resistivity etc.[1] Keeping in view above stated properties, Zirconium-Cobalt doped calcium hexaferrites are synthesized using microwave induced sol-gel combustion route for different doping concentrations. Structural and Morphological properties are studied by X-ray diffraction analysis and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Structural analysis confirms the formation of calacium Hexaferrites. Electrical and dielectric properties of the synthesized samples are studied by Impendence Analyzer as a function of temperature and frequency. Magnetic properties are analyzed using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM).Measured values of the properties show favorable order from the point of view of designing and developing new low cost customized EMI shielding materials.