Volume-1 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: The inhibition efficiency of the formulation consisting of Triisopropanol amine (TIPA) and Zn2+ in controlling the corrosion of mild steel in aqueous solution containing 60 ppm Cl- has been evaluated by the weight loss method. The formulation consisting of 100 ppm TIPA, and 50 pm Zn2+ has 62.5% inhibition efficiency TIPA alone has 46% efficiency. The nature of the protective film has been analyzed by polarization study, AC impedance spectra. A suitable mechanism of corrosion inhibition is proposed based on the results obtained from the weight loss method, polarized study, AC impedance spectra and FTIR spectra.
Keywords: Synergism, TIPA, Polarization study, AC impedance and FTIR spectra.

[1]. F.Bentiss,M.Traisnel, L.Gengembre and M.Lagrene'e, A New Triazole Derivative as Inhibitor of the acid corrosion of mild steel; Electrochemical studies, Weight loss determination, SEM AND XPS, Applied surface science, 152(3-4),1999, 237-249.
[2]. F.Bentiss, M.Lagrene'e, M. Traisnel and J.Gorenez, The Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel In acidic Media By A New Triazole Derivative, Corrosion Science, 41(4), 1999, 789-803
[3]. S.Ramesh and S.Rajeswari, Corrosion Inhibition of mild steel in neutral aqueous solution by new Triazole derivatives, Electrochimica Acta, 2004, 49(5), 811-820
[4]. T.ouhami, A.Aounti, Y.Abed, B.Hammouti, S.Kertit, A.Ramdani and K.Elkacemi, Corrosion inhibition of Armco Iron in 1M HCl media by new Bipyrazolic derivatives, Corrosion Science, 42(6),2000, 929-940.
[5]. A.S.Algaber, E.M.El-Nemna and M.M.Saleh, Effect of Octylphenol polyethylene oxide on the corrosion inhibition of steel in 0.5M H2SO4, Material chemistry and physics, 86(1), 2004, 26-32.
[6]. V.Branzoi, F.Branzol and M.Baibarae, The inhibition of the corrosion of Armco iron in HCl solutions in the presence of surfactants of the type of N-Alkyl Quaternary Ammonium salts, Materials chemistry and physics, 65(3), 2000, 288-297
[7]. M.A.Quraishi, R.Sardar and D.Jamel, Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid by some Aromatic hydrazides, Materials chemistry and physics, 71(3),2001, 309-313.
[8]. E.E.Oguzie, C.Unaegbu, C.B.N.Okolue and A.I.Onuchukwa, Inhibition of mild steel corrosion in sulphuric acid using Indigo Dye and Synergistic Halide Additives, Materials chemistry and physics, 84(2-3),2004, 363-368.
[9]. E.E.Oguzie, G.N.Onuoha and A.I.Onuchukwu, Inhibitory mechanism of mild steel corrosion in 2M sulphuric acid solution by Methylene blue Dye, Materials chemistry and physics, 89(2-3), 2005, 305-311.
[10]. L.Larabi, Y.Harek, M.Traisnel and A.Mansri, Synergistic influence of poly(4-Vinylpyridine) and potassium Iodide on inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 34(8),2004,833-889.

Abstract : Photo-production rates and overall scavenging rate constants of the highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were measured by irradiation of surface seawater samples collected from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Photo-production rates of •OH ranged from 9.6 × 10-12 M s-1 to 424 × 1012 M s-1 and scavenging rate constants were 1.3 – 4.1×106 s-1. The steady state concentrations of •OH in seawater, which were calculated from the photo-production rates and scavenging rate constants were in the range 2.6 –189 × 10-18 M. Estimation from the scavenging rate constant showed that the lifetime of •OH in seawater ranged from 0.29 ×10-6 s to 0.55 ×10-6 s. Nitrates and hydrogen peroxide contributions to OH radical formation rates were negligible in the samples studied. However, direct photolysis of NO2- accounted for up to 73% of the observed •OH formation rates. The rate constant for the reaction •OH with irgarol was found to be (9.7 ± 0.52) × 109 M-1 s-1. Based on the steady state concentration of •OH, the calculated half-lives for Irgarol due to the reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the Seto Inland Sea were in the range 6 – 411 days. Keywords – Hydroxyl radical, irgarol, photochemistr
y, rate constant, seawater

[1]. K. Mopper and X. Zhou, Hydroxyl radical photoproduction in the sea and its potential impact on marine processes. Science, 250, 1990, 661–664.
[2]. P. P. Vaughan and N. V. Blough, Photochemical formation of hydroxyl radical by constituents of natural waters. Environ. Sci.Technol. 32, 1998, 2947–2953.
[3]. W. J. Cooper, R. G. Zika, R. G. Petasne, and J. M. C. Plane, Photochemical formation of H2O2 in natural waters exposed to sunlight. Environ. Sci. Technol, 22, 1988, 1156-1160.
[4]. H. Sakugawa, I. R. Kaplan, W. Tsai, and Y.Cohen, Atmospheric hydrogen peroxide. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24(10), 1990, 1452-1461
[5]. R. G. Zepp, B. C. Faust and J. Hoigne, Hydroxyl radical formation in aqueous reactions (pH 3-8) of iron(II) with hydrogen peroxide: The photo-Fenton reaction. Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 1992, 313–319
[6]. B. M. Voelker, D. L. Sedlak and O. C. Zafiriou, Chemistry of Superoxide Radical in Seawater: Reactions with Organic Cu Complexes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 2000,1036–1042.
[7]. T. Mill, D. G. Hendry and H. Richardson, Free- radical oxidants in natural waters, Science, 207, 1980, 886-887.
[8]. K. Takeda, H. Takedoi, S. Yamaji, K. Ohta, and H. Sakugawa, Determination of Hydroxyl Radical Photoproduction Rates in Natural Waters Anal. Sci., 20, 2004, 153–158.
[9]. O. C. Zafiriou, M. McFarland and R. H. Bromund, Nitric oxide in seawater. Science, 207, 1980, 637–639.
[10]. E. F. Olasehinde, K. Takeda and H. Sakugawa, Development of an analytical method for nitric oxide radical determination in natural waters. Anal. Chem., 81 (16), 2009, 6843–6850.

Abstract: Although fluoride was once considered an essential nutrient, the U.S. National Research Council has since removed this designation due to the lack of studies showing it is essential for human growth, though still considering fluoride a "beneficial element" due to its positive impact on oral health. The U.S. specifies the optimal level of fluoride to range from 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L (milligrams per liter, equivalent to parts per million), depending on the average maximum daily air temperature; the optimal level is lower in warmer climates, where people drink more water, and is higher in cooler climates The U.S. standard, adopted in 1962, is not appropriate for all parts of the world and is based on assumptions that have become obsolete with the rise of air conditioning and increased use of soft drinks, processed food, and other sources of fluorides. In 1994 a World Health Organization expert committee on fluoride use stated that 1.0 mg/L should be an absolute upper bound, even in cold climates, and that 0.5 mg/L may be an appropriate lower limit A 2007 Australian systematic review recommended a range from 0.6 to 1.1 mg/L.
Key Word: Fluoridation, dosage,fluorosis,aesthetic,consumption.

[1]. Burgstahler AW. Fluoridated bottled water [editorial]. Fluoride 2006;39:252-4.
[2]. Shivarajashankara YM, Shivashankara AR, Rao SH, Bhar PG. Oxidative stress in children with endemic skeletal fluorosis. Fluoride 2001;34:103-7.
[3]. Spittle B. Dyspepsia associated with fluoridated water. Fluoride 2008;41:89-92
[4]. Carton RJ. Review of the 2006 United States National Research Council Report: Fluoride in drinking water. Fluoride 2006;39:163-72.
[5]. Susheela AK, Jethanandani P. Circulating testosterone levels in skeletal fluorosis patients. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996;34:183-9.
[6]. Dobaradaran S, Mahvi AH, Dehdashti S, Ranjbar Vakil Abadi D. Drinking water fluoride and child dental caries in Dashtestan, Iran. Fluoride 2008;41:220-6.
[7]. APHA, AWWA, WEF. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington D.C: AWWA; 2005.
[8]. Price JK. Workbook applied math for water plant operators. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Pub. Co; 1991.
[9]. Chakraborti D, Chanda CR, Samanta G, Chowdhury UK, Mukherjee SC, Pal AB, et al. Fluorosis in Assam, India. Curr Sci 2000;78:1421-3.
[10]. Karthikeyan K, Nanthakumar K, Velmurugan P, Tamilarasi S, Lakshmanaperumalsamy. Prevalence of certain inorganic constituents in groundwater samples of Erode district, Tamilnadu

Abstract: Spectroscopic studies of the interaction between Nickel sulphate complex of the ligand, 5,15-dibromo-10,21-diethyl-9,11,20,22-tetramethyl-1,8,12,19-tetraazadicosa- 9,11,20,22-tetraene, shown in [figure 1] showed a selective interaction between complex and perchlorate anion respect to the other anions tested. The sensor worked well with a Nernstian response of 1.0 x 10-1 – 7.0 x 10-7 M, detection limit 4x10-7 M. The electrode had relatively short response time, 6s, and it was found to produce stable responses for more than two months. It was also used for monitoring of perchlorate ion concentration in water and urine samples.

[1]. J. E. Canas, Q.Q. Cheng, K. Tian, T.A. Anderson, J. Chromatogr., A 20 (2006) 102–110.
[2]. M. L. Magnuson, E.T. Urbansky, C.A. Kelty, Anal. Chem., 72 (2000) 25–29.
[3]. A.J. Krynitsky, R.A. Niemann, D.A. Nortrup, Anal. Chem., 76 (2004) 5518–5522.
[4]. C. A. Sanchez, K.S. Crump, R.I. Krieger,N.R. Khandaker, J.P. Gibbs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39 (2005) 9391–9397.
[5]. P. Winkler, M. Minteer, J. Willey, Anal. Chem., 76 (2004) 469–473.
[6]. A. B. Kirk, E.E. Smith, K. Tian, T.A. Anderson, P.K. Dasgupta, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37 (2003) 4979–4985.
[7]. J. J. Ellington, N.L. Wolfe, A.W. Garrison, J.J. Evans, J.K. Avants, Q. Teng, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35 (2001) 3213–3218.
[8]. L. Valentin-Blasini, J.P. Mauldin, D. Maple, B.C. Blount, Anal. Chem., 77 (2005) 2475–2481,
[9]. D. Ting, R.A. Howd, A.M. Fan, G.V. Alexeeff, Environ Health Perspect., 114 (6) (2006) 881–886.
[10]. J.Wolff, Pharmacol. Rev., 50 (1998) 89–106.

Abstract: The use of drugs to enhance sports performance by athletes is currently a world wide social problem. Although, sports administrators are doing a lot to discourage the practice, yet the incidence appears to be on the increase. It is against this background that the study investigated the knowledge and use of performance enhancing drugs among Nigerian elite athletes. Also, it examined the influence of chronological age of a selected sample of elite athletes and type of sports they engage in on the use of performance enhancing drugs. A total of 220 athletes were randomly sampled from eleven popular sports in Nigeria. A set of questionnaire developed and validated by the researcher was used to collect data for the study. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that all the participants had heard about and seen each of the performance enhancing drugs identified in the study. Also, there was a significance influence of the sex of athletes and types of sports in drug use habits. Athletes in this study had used ephedrine, caffeine, anabolic steroids and dianabol. Participants in this study used performance enhancing drugs to perform beyond their ability, control weight and to excel at competitions. Based on the findings, it was recommended that Nigerian government should embark on a comprehensive and effective implementation of preventive drug educational programmes for athletes and athletes' support personnel.
Keywords: athletes' support personnel, drug abuse, elite athletes, ergogenic aids, placebo, sports performance.

[1] G. R. Knotts, The central nervous system stimulants in drug abuse, Journal of American School Health, 6(10), 2000, 535 – 356.
[2] C. L. Edelman & C. C. Mandle, Drug Use (U. S. A., Mosby Inc, 2002).
[3] O. A. Moronkola, Essays on Issues in Health (Ibadan Royal People (Nigeria) Ltd, 2003).
[4] F. A. Yusuf, Factors influencing substance abuse among undergraduate students in Osun State, African Research Review, 4(17), 2010, 330 - 340
[5] D. Hales, An invitation to health (Austrialia: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007).
[6] A. S. Awoniyi, Drug use and abuse in Sports, masters diss., University of Calabar, Calabar, 1998.
[7] International Olympic Committee Medical Commission, Directory of anti-doping regulation of International Sports federation, 2nd ed. International Olympic Committee, 1993.
[8] World Anti-Doping Agency Code, Anti-doping Convention, Lausanne Conference of he Monitoring group, 2005
[9] R. E. Wildman, & B. S, Miller, Sports and Fitness Nutrition (Austrilia: Thomson & Wadsworth, 2004)
[10] V. C. Igbanugo & J. A. Onibokun, Incidence of drug use between secondary school children of medium and high socio-economic status, Journal of Nigerian School Health, 3(1), 1993, 16 – 22.

Abstract: The complexes of Cu(II) were synthesized with the new macrocyclic ligand. The newly synthesized azamacrocyclic ligand L: 5,15-dibromo-9,10,11,20,21,22-hexamethyl-1,8,12,19-tetraazadicosa- 9,11,20,22-tetraene was prepared by the reaction of 3-Methyl-2,4 pentadione and 5-bromo-2,6-diamino pyridine. All the complexes were characterized by the conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility measurements, mass, I.R. electronic and EPR spectral studies. The molar conductance measurement of the complexes in DMF solution is corresponding to non-electrolyteic nature. Thus these complexes may be formulated [M(L)X2] [where M = Cu (II) and X = Cl- , CH3COO- and NO-3].On the basis of spectral studies, tetragonal geometry was assigned for for Cu(II) complexes. Complex was then used as a good sensing material for oxalate ion selective PVC membrane sensor. The proposed potentiometric sensor showed a stable potential response to oxalate ion with Nernstian slope-29.0 mV decade-1 over a wide linear concentration range of 5.0x10-7 - 6.0x10-1M. The sensor was found to have a short response time of about 10-15 s and have an accepted life time. Application of the proposed sensor in analysis of oxalate ion in some water samples showed good results.
Key Words: Spectroscopic, potentiometry, sensor, oxalate ion, ion selective electrode, PVC membrane

[1]. Lindoy, L. F. , The Chemistry of Macrocyclic Ligand Complexes; Cambridge Univ. Press: Cambridge, U.K., 1989.
[2]. Sutherland, I. O. Pure Appl. Chem. 1989, 61, 1547.
[3]. Hisamoto, H.; Siswanta, D.; Nishihara, H.; Suzuki, K. Anal.Chim. Acta 1995, 304, 171.
[4]. Kamata, S.; Bhal, A.; Fakunga, Y.; Marata, A. Anal.Chem. 1998, 60, 2464..
[5]. Umezawa, Y. Handbook of Ion-selective Electrodes: Selectivity Coefficients; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1990.
[6]. Bakker, E.; Pretsch, E.; Buhlmann, P. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1593..
[7]. Meyerhoff, M. E. Trends Anal. Chem. 1993, 12, 257.
[8]. Daunert, S.; Wallace, S.; Florido, A.; Bachas, L. G. Anal. Chem.1991, 63, 1676.
[9]. Liu, D.; Chen, W. C.; Yang, R. H.; Shen, G. L.; Yu, R. Q. Anal.Chim. Acta 1997, 338, 209.
[10]. Rothmaier, M.; Schaller, W.; Morf, W. E.; Pretsch, E. Anal. Chim.Acta 1996, 327, 17.

Abstract : The required quinoline based compounds IVa-g were prepared by reaction of aryl amine and ethyl acetoacetate via 4-aminobenzaldehyde(6-ethoxy-2-methylequinolin-4-yl)hydrazone(IV) and substituted diazotizedsulfonamides to 4-{[(4-aminophenyl)(6-ethoxy-2-methylequinolin-4-yl)carbonohydrazonoyl diazenyl} substituted benzenesulfonamides(IVa-g). The resulting newly synthesized compounds are characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. All the newly synthesized compounds have been evaluated for their antibacterial activity towards two Gram positive and two Gram negative bacteria and antifungal activity towards Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Some selected synthesizes compounds have also been evaluated for their antitubercular activity with mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli. The results obtained from antimicrobial activity are found that some compounds have higher antibacterial activity and antifungal activity, where as the rest of the compounds show varying activity. Some of the selected compounds show higher antitubercular activity.
Keywords: Antibacterial Activity, Antifungal Activity, Antitubercular Activity, Azosulphonamide, Quinoline derivatives, sulphonamide.

[1] Lednicer and L. A. Mitscher, Org. Chem. Drug Synth., 1, 341 (1975).
[2] J. H. Burckhalter, W. T. Brinigar and P. E. Thomson, J. Org. Chem., 26, 4070 (1961).
[3] D. Prakash, S. Kumar and S. M. Prasad, J. Ind. Chem. Soc., 65, 771 (1988).
[4] R. Rodriguez, Ger. Pat., 2066638 (1970); Chem. Abstr., 73, 9879 (1970).
[5] F. F. Ehetino and G. C. Wright, Fr. Pat., 1388756 (1965).
[6] P. H. Desai and K. R. Desai, J. Ind. Chem. Soc., 65, 805 (1988).
[7] V. S. Misra and V. K. Saxena, J. Prakt. Chem., 5, 314, 958 (1972).
[8] S. E. Hawkins and J. M. Hainton, Microbiol., 5, 57 (1972).
[9] Surendra Bahadur and Mukta Saxena, J. Ind. Chem. Soc., 60, 684 (1983).
[10] D. B. Clavson, J. A. S. Pringle and G. M. Ranses, Biochem. Pharmacol., 16, 614 (1967).