iosr-JMCE   Volume-7 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: The current study was carryout to investigate the status of water supply facilities in 24 rural communities of Owo local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Former and informer interview, questionnaire and physical assessment conducted. Secondary data from Nigeria National Population Commission (NNPC) were used in this study. The major water supply facilities used by the communities were mostly hand dug well and boreholes which in most cases were fitted with either electric or hand pump. It was observed that all the boreholes fitted with hand pump were failed while 86 % of those fitted with electrics pump were also failed. In the case of the hand dug well more than 37 % of all the hand dug well were failed. Borehole failure was due to people ignorance, non availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance skills and attitude of the communities. The failures of the hand dug well were mainly due to low water table or aquifer region. The survey assessment results revealed that sustainable water supply to the community could be enhancing through the use of hand pump boreholes. Hand pump boreholes appeared more reliable with low operational technology, their cost effectiveness affordability and available spare parts. The studies recommend the involvement of the community participation in the overall management of the water facility in other to enhance sustainability.

Keywords: Assessment, Communities, Questionnaire, Operational technology, Management, Affordability.

[1]. Ashbolt NJ. Microbial contamination of drinking water and diseases outcomes in developing region. Toxicology 2004; 198(1-3):229-238.
[2]. Bob-Duru, R. C. 2001. Rural Settlements in Nigeria: Survival or Demise? Geographical Perspectives on Environmental and Management in Nigeria. Ofomata and Phil-Eze.
[3]. Maguvu, E. S. and Mutengu, S. 2008. An Investigation into the Factors Limiting Effective water supply in rural areas of Zimbabwe: A case Study of Zhomba in Gokwe North District. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 10 (1): 120-138.
[4]. Orewole, M. O., Makinde, O. W., Adekalu, K. O. and Shittu, K. A. 2006. Chemical Examination of Piped Water Supply of Ile-Ife in Southwest Nigeria. . Iranian Journal of Eviron. Health Sci. Eng, 4 (1): 51-56.
[5]. WHO/UNICEF. 2000. Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. Paper presented at the WHO/UNICEF. Geneva/New York,

Abstract: This paper presents the implementation of a generalized photovoltaic model using Matlab Simulink software package, which can be representative of PV cell, module, and array for easy use on simulation platform. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a dialog box like Simulink block libraries. This makes the generalized PV model easily simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power electronics for a maximum power point tracker. Taking the effect of sunlight irradiance and cell temperature into consideration, the output current and power characteristics of PV model are simulated and optimized using the proposed model. This enables the dynamics of PV power system to be easily simulated, analyzed, and optimized. For Wind Turbine modeling and simulation of wind driven electricity generation system or WECS (an acronym for Wind Energy Conversion System) has been done. Our aim is to design and test a power 300W capacity, operating at 3 m/s to 6 m/s , induction permanent magnet generator Matlab simulation. The different components of a wind energy system namely the wind turbine, generator, rectifier, as per the scope of this project following which the design steps and modeling of the system in Matlab simulation environment - Simulink was undertaken.

Keywords: power pv cells, wind turbine, power generation 50 watt.

[1]. Sannino,A.,Postiglione,G.,and Bollen,M.H.J. (2003)."Feasibility Ofa DCN etwork for Commercial Facilities," IEEETrans.IndustryApplications,vol.39,no.5,pp.1499–1507.
[2]. Jager, W., 2006. Stimulating the diffusion of photovoltaic systems: a behavioural perspective. Energy Policy 34, 1935–1943. (7)
[3]. Salmi, M. Bouzguenda,A. Gastli, andA. Masmoudi, "Matlab/Simulink based modellingof solar photovoltaic cell,"IntJofRenewableEnergyResearch2012,vol.2,no.2, pp. 213–218.Wamukonya, N., 2007. Solar home system electrification as a viable technology option for Africa's development. Energy Policy 35, 6–14.
[4]. I.H.Altas,andA.M.Sharaf,"A photo voltaicarraysimulationmo delfor Matlab-Simulink GUIenvironment,"International ConferenceonClean Electrical Power 2007,ICCEP'07,Capri, pp. 341–345.
[5]. Muller,S.;Deicke,M.;deDoncker,R.W.Doubly fedinductiongenerator system for wind turbines. IEEE Ind. App. Mag. 2002, 8, 26–33
[6]. BharanikumarR.,YazhiniA.C.,KumarN.,(2012): ModellingandSimulationof WindTurbine Driven PermanentMagnetGenerator withNewMPPT Algorithm. Asian Powerelectronics journal,Vol.4.
[7]. Mittal,R.;Sandhu,K.S.;Jain,D.K.Battery energystorage systemfor variablespeeddriven PMSG for wind energy conversion.Int. J. Innov. Manag. Tech. 2010, 1, 300–304
[8]. Zeng, R.; Nian, H.; Quan, Y.; Liu, J. Improved Load-Adaptive Control Strategy for PMSG BasedStand-AloneWindEnergyGeneration.InProceedingoftheInternational Conferenceon Electrical Machines and Systems, Tokyo, Japan, 15–18 November 2009; pp. 1–6.
[9]. Chan,T.F.;Lai,L.L.Permanent-MagnetMachinesforDistributedGeneration:AReview.In Proceeding of the IEEE Conferenceon Power EngineeringSociety General Meeting, Tampa, FL, USA, 24–28 June 2007; pp. 1–6.
[10]. (Wargadalam, Zulkarnain et al. 2009)

Abstract: Production of waste in unpredictable amounts is almost in every part of metal and non metal casting trade. These wastes can be converted to material goods if processed for vital improvement of valuables provided it is cost-effective. Random dumping of these wastes may lead to environmental problems and therefore, presently the reuse of the waste materials in various fields is seen for fairly various periods. Copper slag is a waste product generated during the smelting process for the production of copper. It has been estimated that for every tonne of copper produced, about 1.8-2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated as a waste. Due to increase in production capacity of copper, copper slag getting accumulated require additional dumping space and causing wastage of good cultivable land. The present paper discusses the laboratory test results of coefficient of permeability tests conducted on copper slag mixed with cement and lime. The copper slag mixed with lime and cement in various percentages were kept for curing and then tested after 7, 14, 28 days. Effective results were observed for the coefficient of permeability of copper slag on addition of lime and cement from 0% to 10%. There is a decrease in coefficient of permeability value as the percentage of addition of lime and cement increases and with the curing period. The coefficient of permeability is very high for copper slag alone. When copper slag is mixed with a binding material like lime or cement, there is a reduction in permeability. Also upon mixing the same with an expansive soil, it may be suitable to reduce the swelling characteristics by developing pozzolanic reactions.

Keywords: Cement, Copper Slag, Lime, Permeability, Sample curing.

[1] Hartlen, J., Carling, M & Nagasaka, Y. (1997) Recycling or reuse of waste materials in geotechnical applications, Proceedings of the second International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, Osaka, Japan, pp 1493-1513.
[2] Kamon, M. (1997) Geotechnical utilization of industrial wastes, Proceedings of the second International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, Osaka, Japan, pp 1293-1309.
[3] Kamon, M. & Katsumi, T. (1994) Civil Engineering use of industrial waste in Japan, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand, pp 265-278.
[4] Sarsby, R. (2000) Environmental Geotechnics, Thomas Telford Ltd., London, UK.
[5] Vazquez, E., Roca, A., Lopez-soler, A., Fernandez-Turiel, J.L., Querol, X & Felipo, M.T. (1991) Physico-Chemical and mineralogy characterization of mining wastes used in construction, Waste materials in construction, Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Implications of Construction with Waste Materials, Maastricht, The Netherlands, pp 215-223.
[6] Comans, R.N.J., van det Sloot, H.A., Hoede, D. &Bonouvrie, P.A. (1991) Chemical Processes at a redox/pH interface arising from the use of steel slag in the aquatic environment, Waste materials in construction, Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Implications of Construction with Waste Materials, Maastricht, The Netherlands, pp 243-254.
[7] Chu, S.C. and Kao, H.S. (1993) A study of Engineering Properties of a clay modified by Fly ash and Slag, Proceedings, Fly ash for Soil Improvement, American Society of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Special Publication, No. 36, pp 89 – 99.
[8] Mclaren, R.J. and A.M.Digionia, (1987) The typical engineering properties of fly ash, Proceedings of Conference on Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal, Geotechnical Special Publication NO 13, ASCE, R.D.Woods (ed.), pp 683-697.
[9] Martin, P.J., R.A.Collins, J.S.Browning and J.F.Biehl, (1990) Properties and use of fly ashes for embankments, Journal of Energy Engineering, ASCE, 116(2), pp 71-86.
[10] IS: 2720 (part-17) (1966), "Laboratory Determination of Permeability", Bureau of Indian Standards.

Abstract: To assess the risks involved in BOT PROJECT by studying a specific case of Implementation of integrated road development program me(IRDP) in the city on built, operate & transport (BOT) basis. To Study the individualistic approach of the involved parties. BOT has been one of the recent innovations in project finance. The Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) scheme is a limited recourse financing technique. Many have adopted this approach as an alternative to traditional public financing for infrastructure development projects. This study examines the type of SOCIAL risk due to, force shutdown of toll booths due to public riots .This paper mainly representing therisk inBOT due to political & public pressure. A case study of IRDP project implemented in municipal corporation area through BOT is studied in detail.

Key Words: BOT, Irdp, Risk, MuncipalCorporation,State Road Development Corporation, Toll

[1] Tender Document ForIRDP Project

[2] P.W.D. Government of Maharashtra, 1978 – 2005,Compendium of Govt / circulars Standard instructions regarding privatization of works of 'Road, Bridges, Building.