iosr-JMCE   Volume-7 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: Environment is made up of natural factors like air, water and land. Each and every human activities supports directly/indirectly by natural factors. India is facing a problem of natural resource scarcity, especially of water in view of population growth and economic development. Due to growth of Population, advancement in agriculture, urbanization and industrialization has made surface water pollution a great problem and decreased the availability of drinking water. Many parts of the world face such a scarcity of water. Lakes are important feature of the Earth's landscape which are not only the source of precious water, but provide valuable habitats to plants and animals, moderate hydrological cycles, influence microclimate, enhance the aesthetic beauty of the landscape and extend many recreational opportunities to humankind .For issues, perspectives on pollution, restoration and management of Bellandur Lake Falls under Bangalore Metropolitan city is very essential to know their status but so far, there was no systematic environmental study carried out. Hence now the following studies are essential namely Characteristics, Status, Effects (on surrounding Groundwater, Soil, Humans health, Vegetables, Animals etc.,), resolving the issues of degradation, preparation of conceptual design for restoration and management.

Keywords: Bangalore Lake, Bellandur lake, Degradation, Lakes Status, Urbanisation Trend

[1]. Ritu Singh and Manu Bhatnagar., Urban lakes and wetlands: opportunities and challenges in Indian cities - Case study of Delhi, Natural Heritage Division, Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, 71, Lodhi: published in "12th edition of the World Wide Workshop for Young Environmental Scientists (WWW-YES-2012) - Urban waters: resource or risks?, Arcueil : France
[2]. Parameswara Naik. T, Ajayan . K.V and Lokesh. G.H., Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Kunigal Lake in Tumkur District, Karnataka, India; Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 10(2), 2012, 655-663
[3]. Manisha Desai and Vediya. S.D., Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ambli Lake and Makarba lake situated at Ahmedbad, Gujrat, 2007
[4]. Dr. A. Mazumdar, N.R. Samal, Dr.(Ms) D.Roy and A. Gangopadhyay, Physico-chemical Characteristics of Water in a Shallow Lake Rabindra Sarobar in Metropolis Kolkata; IE(I) Journal-CH, Vol 88, September 2007
[5]. Kofo A. Aderogba ;Physiochemical Characteristics of Water and Challenges for Community Development; A Case Study of Igbo-Ora Community of Oyo State, Nigeria; International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, Vol 01, No. 01, July 2012, pp. 129-138
[6]. Sharma. M.P, Arun Kumar and Shalini Rajvanshi; Assessment of Trophic State of Lakes: A Case of Mansi Ganga Lake in India; Hydro Nepal Issue No.6 January, 2010, pp. 65-72
[7]. Muhammad Balal Arain, Tasneem Gul Kazi, Muhammad Kkhan Jamali, Hassan Imran Afridi, Jameel Ahmad Baig, Nusrat Jalbani and Abdul Qadir Shah; Evaluation of Physico-chemical Parameters of Manchar Lake, Pakistan Water and Their Comparison with Other Global Published Values; ISSN-1996-918X; Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. Vol. 9, No. 2 ,2008,101 – 109
[8]. Rajshekhar Rao, Studying the impact of urbanisation on Bangalore wetland region and examining measures to be undertaken for its management; MSRIT, Bangalore. Architecture-Time Space & People, Council of Architecture‟s monthly Magazine, April-2009, pp. 34-42
[9]. Chandrashekar. H, Jyothiroopa, Lokesh K.V. and Ranganna . G., Water Management – An Approach through Restoration and Management of Urban Lakes - A Case Study for Mallathahalli Lake in Bangalore; BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012
[10]. Fathima & Rajesh Gopinath, Tracing the Impact of Bangalore‟s Urbanization on its Wetlands, International Journal of Environment, Ecology, Family and Urban Studies (IJEEFUS), ISSN 2250-0065 Vol.2, Issue 4 Dec 2012 23- 28 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.,2012

Abstract: Blended aggregate in concrete and arriving at the structural properties of blended aggregate concrete is a thrust area. Pumice is very light and porous igneous rock that is formed during volcanic eruptions.Cinder is a waste material obtained from steel manufacturing units. Shear strength is a property of major significance for wide range of civil engineering materials and structures. Shear and punching shear failures particularly in deep beams, in corbels and in concrete flat slabs are considered to be more critical and catastrophic than other types of failures. This area has received greater attention in recent years. For investigating shear type of failures, from the literature it is found that double central notched (DCN) specimen geometry proposed by Prakash Desai and V.Bhaskar Desai is supposed the best suited geometry. In this present experimental investigation an attempt is made to study the Mode-II fracture property of light weight blended aggregate cement concrete combining both the pumice and cinder in different proportions, and making use of DCN test specimen geometry . By blending the pumice and cinder in different percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 by volumeof concrete, a blended light weight aggregate concrete is prepared. By using this the property such as in plane shear strength is studied. Finally an analysis is carried out regarding Mode-II fracture properties of blended concrete. It is concluded that the Ultimate load in Mode-II is found to decrease continuously with the percentage increase in Pumice aggregate content. It is also observed that the ultimate stress in Mode II is found to increase continuously with percentage increase in cinder aggregate content.

Key Words: Cinder, light weight aggregate, Mode II fracture, shear strength, Pumice.

[1]. Agarwal, B.D. and Giare, G.S., "Fracture toughness of short-fiber composites in Modes-I and II", Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1981, pp.219-230.
[2]. Bazant , Z.,p, and Pfeiffer, P.A., "Shear fracture tests of concrete", materials and structures (RKLEM) , 1984, vol. 19, pp.111-121.
[3]. Watkins, J. and Liu, K.L.W., "A Finite Element Study of Short Beam Test Specimens under Mode-II loading", The International Journal of Cement Composites and Light Weight Concrete, Vol.7, No.1, Feb.1985, pp.39-47.
[4]. Bazant , Z.,p, and Pfeiffer, P.A., "Tests on shear fracture and strain softening in concrete", proceedings of second symposium on interaction of Non-nuclear Munition with structures Florida, USA, April 1985, pp. 254-264.
[5]. Davies, J., Yim, C.W.A and Morgan, T.G., "Determination of Fracture parameters of punch through shear specimens", The International Journal of Cement Composites and Light weight Concrete, Vol. 9, No. 1, Feb. 1987, pp. 33-41.
[6]. BhaskarDesai . V, "Some studies on Mode - II fracture and stress – strain behavior in shear of cementitious materials", Ph.D thesis, Indian Institute of Science, Banglore".
[7]. PrakashDesayi, Raghu Prasad .B.K, and Bhaskar Desai . V, "Experimental determination of KIIc from compliance and fracture energy", proceedings national seminar on Aerostructures, organized by IIT, Kanpur, India, 29-30, Dec, 1993, pp. 33-34.
[8]. Prakashdesayi, B.K.Raghu Prasad and V.Bhaskar Desai, "Mode – II fracture of cementitious materials- part – I : Studies on specimens of some new geometries", Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.26, No.1, April 1999, pp.11-18.
[9]. Prakashdesayi, B.K.Raghu Prasad and V.Bhaskar Desai, "Mode – II fracture of cementitious materials- part – II: Fracture toughness of cement paste, mortar, concrete and no-fines concrete. Journal of structural engg Vol. 26, No. 1, April 1999, pp. 19-27.
[10]. Prakashdesayi, B.K.Raghu Prasad and V.Bhaskar Desai, "Mode – II fracture of cementtiotus materials- part – III: Studies on shear strength and slip of cement paste, mortar, concrete and no-fines concrete. Journal of structural engg Vol. 26, No.2, July 1999, pp. 91-97.

Abstract: The availability of water at cheaper rates promotes the wasteful use of water. People give little or no attention towards conservation of water. For sustenance of any water supply scheme it is essential that revenue collected should be sufficient to maintain O & M cost and further development activities. Presently there is major portion of Non Revenue Water (NRW) in the developing countries and there is urgent need to curb it for efficient functioning of water supply schemes.

Key Words: NRW, Non Revenue Water, 24x7 water supply

[1] Japan Bank for International Cooperation : Bisalpur Jaipur water supply project report (Transfer System), Sept 2004.
[2] K Subramanya: Engineering Hydrology TMH publishing Co New Dehi.
[3] Seureca Consulting Engineers: Evaluation and Reduction of Losses and Leakage in water distribution system of Jaipur city.Report 2004
[4] World Bank, December 2006: The Challenge of Reducing Non-Revenue Water in Developing Countries, p. 3 American Waterworks Association:Water Wiser :Water Audits and Loss Control, accessed on November 8, 2009
[5] Wikipedia, the encyclopedia : Non-revenue water
[6] Wikipedia, the encyclopedia : Scarcity of Water