iosr-JMCE   Volume-5 ~ Issue-3

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Biodiesel: An Alternative Fuel and Its Emission Effect
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Yogendra Prasad Upadhyay, R.B.Sharma
	:	10.9790/1684-0530104

Abstract: Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines that is produced by chemically combining vegetable oils and animal fats with an alcohol to form alkyl esters. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are produced by transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol usually in presence of an alkaline catalyst.This research studies the optimum condition of soya diesel production by methanol alkaline transesterification reaction between soybean cooking oil and methanol, ethanol and butanol using Some important variables such as volumetric ratio, types of reactants and catalytic activities were selected to obtain a high quality biodiesel fuel with the specification of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D 6751) and European Norm (EN 14214).The exhaust emissions like carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke emissions were decreased while the NOx emissions were increased with SBD at full load compared to that of the base engine. The peak pressure and heat release rate were increased and the ignition delay and combustion duration were decreased for the internal combustion engine piston with SBD compared to that of the base engine.
Keywords: Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), Soybean Cooking Oil, Soybean Bio Diesel (SBD) Emission, Nox

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technology. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NRRL/SR-510-36244 24 2 Introduction to Biodiesel Production
[3] Van Gerpen J, Shanks B, Pruszko R, Clements D, Knothe G (2004) Biodiesel analytical methods. National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, NRRL/SR-510-36240
[4] Romano SD, González Suárez E, Laborde MA (2006) Biodiesel. In: CombustibleAlternatives', 2nd edn. Ediciones Cooperativas,
Buenos Aires
[5] Aggarwal, J.S., H.D. Chowdury, S.N. Mukerji, and L.C.
[6] Vermoh. 1952. Indian vegetable oil fuels for diesel engines. Bul. Indian Industrial Research No. 19.
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[8] ASTM. 1999a. D 6078 – Diesel fuel scuff test method. West Conshohocken, Penn.: ASTM International.
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[10] STM. 2002. D 6751 – Standard specification for biodiesel fuel (B100) blend stock for distillate fuels. West Conshohocken, Penn.:
ASTM International

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Computerised Simulation of Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine
Country	:	India
Authors	:	1Kota Sridhar, R.B.V.Murali, Sk.Mohammad Younus, K.Mohan Lakshmi
	:	10.9790/1684-0530514

Abstract: Improving the performance of internal combustion engines is one of the major concerns of researchers. Experimental studies are more expensive than computational studies. Also using computational techniques allows us to obtain all the required data for the cylinder, which could not be measured. In this study, solution of the two dimensional, four stroke spark ignition (SI) engine with port injection is considered. The efficiency of an SI engine depends on several complicated processes including injection, mixture preparation, and Combustion and exhaust flow.
Keywords: Internal Combustion Spark ignition engine, CFD, Hexane, Combustion, Simulation.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Optimization of Concrete Cost Based On Its Elastic Modulus
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Onwuka, D.O , Egbulonu, R.B.A, Onwuka, S.U
	:	10.9790/1684-0531522

Abstract: In order to obtain concrete with a desired elastic modulus, E, at minimum cost, it is necessary to carry out optimization of concrete mixtures. Effectively and efficiently optimized concrete mixtures, usually have better properties, satisfy intended use and minimize costs. In this work, the cost of concrete mixtures based on its elastic modulus, E, is optimized using Osadebe's optimization Method. The resulting optimization model can be used to estimate the cost of concrete when the elastic modulus, E, is specified. Conversely, the model can be used to determine the elastic modulus, E, obtainable from concrete mixture of a given cost. In addition, it can be used to determine the optimum concrete mix and cost when given the desired elastic modulus, E. Fluctuations in market prices can be accommodated by multiplying the base prices of constituent materials with a price fluctuation factor (PFF). The predicted costs compare favourable with the values obtained from the market survey. The optimization model was tested for adequacy using statistical tools and found to be adequate.
Keywords: Optimization, Costs, Concrete Mixtures, Elastic Modulus, Osadebe'sTheory, Optimization Method

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meeting symposium, erman research, Muanchu, Germany.
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"Unpublished M.Engr Project of the Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri,Nigeria.
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