iosr-JMCE   Volume-3 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: Investment casting process used for precision component manufacture calls for accurate method design. It gives good surface finish, high dimensional accuracy, and complex shape. But due to some defects produced by the wax patterns result in the poor quality of the final casting product. The some common defects are like Shrinkage, inadequate surface finish, improper dimensional accuracy in the wax patterns. So there is need to remove these defects. The wax pattern handled during the melting, injecting will reflect the quality of wax pattern produced for the investment. Hence in the present work an attempt is made to produce the good quality wax pattern by using the different form of wax like Paraffin wax, Bee wax, Montan wax, Carnauba wax, China wax. We will vary the proportion of these waxes and make the different samples. In each sample we will find out the volumetric shrinkage, linear shrinkage, cracks formation etc.
Keywords:investment casting, air forced oven, wax pattern

[1]. Timothy M. Wolff, Margueso& Co., inc. Muskegon, Michigan, investment casting waxes influence which eliminate wax pattern
defects
[2]. W. Bonilla, S. H. Masood and P. Iovenitti, "An investigation of wax patterns for accuracy improvement in investment casting
parts", Bulletin of Industrial Research Institute of Swineburne, Melbourne, Australia, vol. 18, 2001, pp 348 – 356.
[3]. J.C. Gebelin and M.R. Jolly, "Modeling of the investment casting process", Journal of Material Processing Technology, vol. 135,
2003, pp 291 – 300.
[4]. Tascroglu and N. Akar, "A novel alternative to the additives in investment casting pattern wax compositions", Ma terials and
Design, vol. 24, 2003, pp 693 – 698.
[5]. Freund, Mihály; Mózes, Gyula; Jakab, E. (trans) (1982). Paraffin products: properties, technologies, applications. Amsterdam,
Netherlands: Elsevier. p. 121. ISBN 0-444-99712-1.
[6]. Williams R.B. Review of world Investment Casting Markets, 12th World Conference on Investment Casting, Oct. 2008.
[7]. Wei Zhang, Ming C. Leu, Investment Casting with Ice Patterns Made by Rapid Freeze PrototypingQingbin Liu, Ming C. Leu, Study
of Ceramic Slurries for Investment Casting with Ice Patterns.

Abstract: Aluminum is used excessively in the modern world and the uses of the metals are extremely diverse due to its many unusual combinations of properties. They have been widely used in industries, especially aerospace industries due to their attractive mechanical and chemical properties. However, machining of Aluminium results in good surface finish at the expense of tooling cost. This study investigates the optimum parameters that could produce significant good surface finish and optimum cutting force thereby reducing tooling cost. It employs the Taguchi design method to optimize the surface roughness quality and cutting force in a Computer Numerical Control (CNC). The milling parameters evaluated are cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. An L9(34) orthogonal array, signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to analyze the effect of these cutting parameters. The analysis of the result indicates that the optimal combination for low resultant cutting force and good surface finish are high cutting speed, low feed rate and low depth of cut. The study shows that the Taguchi method is suitable to solve the machining problems with minimum number of trials as compared with a full factorial design.

[1] S.H. Park, Robust Design and Analysis for Quality Engineering, Chapman & Hall, London, 1996.
[2] J.A. Ghani, I.A. Choudhury, H.H. Hassan, "Application of Taguchi method in the optimization of end milling parameter", Journa l
of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.145, 2004, pp. 84–92.
[3] J. Kopac , P. Krajnik, "Robust design of flank milling parameters based on grey-Taguchi method", Journal of Materials Processing
Technology, Vol.191, 2007, pp. 400–403.
[4] T. Bendell, Taguchi methods, in: Proceedings of the 1988 European Conference on Taguchi Method, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 13–14
July, 1988.
[5] Julie Z. Zhang, Joseph C. Chen, E. Daniel Kirby, "Surface roughness optimization in an end-milling operationusing the Taguchi
design method", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.184, 2007, pp. 233–239.
[6 ] E. Kuram, B. T. Simsek, B. Ozcelik, E. Demirbas, and S. Askin "Optimization of the Cutting Fluids and Parameters Using Taguchi
and ANOVA in Milling" World Congress on Engineering, Vol II, 2010, pp. 978-988.
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Process. Technol. 84 (1998) 122–129
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Technol. 5654 (2002) 1–7.
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Abstract: Experimental research was conducted to determine the strength of deep beam designed by using strut –and –tie method. The work was done in two phases. The first phase consists of design of simply supported deep beams by using Strut and Tie Method for various shear span to depth ratios. In the second phase several R.C. deep beams were cast and tested in heavy structures Lab. Experimental results were compared with the theoretical results obtained by finite strip method.
Keywords:Strut and Tie method(STM); Deep beam; Finite strip method (FSM).

[1] Plain and Reinforced Concrete — Code of Practice'. Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, New Delhi, India.
[2] ACI 318–05. ‗Building Code Requirements For Structural Concrete and Commentary' American Concrete Institute, Detroit, USA.
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69, 1991, 113.
[4] AASHTO, ―AASHTO LRFD Bridge Specifications for Highway Bridges‖ (2001 Interim Revisions), American Association of
Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 1998.
[5] Mr. Varghese and Mr. Krishnamoorthy,(1966),Streingth and Behaviour of Deep Reinforced Concrete Beams, Indian Concrete
Journal, 104-108.
[6] Matamoros and Wong ,(2003), Design of simply supported Deep beam using strut -and –tie models,ACI Structural journal,704-
712.
[7] Quintero-Febres, Parra-Montesinos and Wight ,(2006), Strength of Struts in deep Concrete Members Designed Using Strut and
Tie Method, ACI Structural journal, 577-586.
[8] Park and pauly, Reinforced Concrete Structures,A wiely-Interscience Publication.
[9] P. Nagarajan, Dr.T.M.M.Pillai and Dr.N.Ganesan, (2007), Design of Simply Supported Deep Beams using IS 456:2000 and Strut
and Tie Method, IE (I) Journal-CV, 38-43.
[10] Michael D. Brown, Cameron L. Sankovich, Oguzhan Bayrak,James O. Jirsa,John E. Breen, Sharon L. Wood, (2006), the technical
report on Design for Shear in Reinforced Concrete Using Strut -and-Tie Models.

Abstract:Seismic hazard assessment of low seismicity regions of the world is now-a-days becoming more common. The seismic hazard assessment involves the quantitative estimation of ground motion characteristics at a particular site. Seismic Hazard is a regional property. It can neither be prevented nor reduced. The only alternative is to quantify the Hazard and minimize the possible damages to the structures due to possible strong Ground Motion. Durg and Rajnandgaon sites are two District Headquarters of the state of Chhattisgarh. In the present study. Deterministic Seismic Hazard Assessment (DSHA) has been applied to these District Headquarters to assess the maximum Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at these sites. Beauro of Indian Standard has specified these sites in seismic Zone. This fact has been verified in the present study.
Keywords:Deterministic Seismic Hazard, Fault Map, Earthquake, Peak Ground Acceleration, District Headquarters

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Volume 75, Number 4, July/August 2004, pp530-539.
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[4] Catalogue of Earthquakes in India and Neighborhood, (From Historical period up to 1979) Indian Society of Earthquak Technology,
Roorkee-1993
[5] Guttenberg, B and Richter, C.F., Frequency of earthquakes in California. B. Seismological Society of America, 34, 1944, pp 185-
188.
[6] Krammer, S.L., Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Pearson Education Ptd. Ltd. Reprinted 2003, Delhi, India, 1996.
[7] Microzonation of Earthquake Hazard in Greater Delhi Area. R N Iyenger and S Ghose. Current Science. Vol.87, No. 9,
10,November 2004, pp 1193-1201.
[8] Rao, R. B. and Rao, S. P. (1984): "Historical Seismicity of Peninsular India‟, Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica, 74,
pp. 2519-2533.
[9] Raghu Kanth, S. T. G. and Iyengar, R. N. (2007): "Estimation of Seismic Spectral Acceleration in Peninsular India‟, Journal of
Earth System Science, 116, pp. 199–214.
[10] Steven L. Kramer. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Pearson Education (Singapore) Ltd. 1996.