iosr-JMCE   Volume-2 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: Earthquakes create vibrations on the ground that are translated into dynamic loads which cause the ground and anything attached to it to vibrate in a complex manner and cause damage to buildings and other structures. Civil engineering is continuously improving ways to cope with this inherent phenomenon. Conventional strategies of strengthening the system consume more materials and energy. Moreover, higher masses lead to higher seismic forces. Alternative strategies such as passive control systems are found to be effective in reducing the seismic and other dynamic effects on civil engineering structures. The present paper focuses on the performance evaluation of a few passive control systems such as base isolation systems and tuned mass dampers in the vibration control of a linear multi storied structure under harmonic and earthquake base motions. Base isolators such as Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) system and Friction Pendulum System (FPS); and, a tuned mass damper (TMD) are designed for a ten storied reinforced concrete building. The building is modelled as a 10 degrees of freedom shear building model and Bouc Wen model is used to describe the hysteretic behaviour of base isolators. The performance of LRB system, FPS and TMD are evaluated numerically and compared. The frequency response characteristics of the systems are also studied.
Keywords:isolation, Hysteresis, Lead rubber bearing, Friction Pendulum, Passive control, Tuned mass damper.

[1] SaifulIslam, A.B.M, Jameel, M and Jumaat, M.Z , Seismic isolation in buildings to be a practical reality: Behavior of structure and installation technique, Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, Vol. 3(4), 2011, 99-117
[2] Ahmadi, G ,Overview of base isolation, passive and active vibration control strategies for aseismic design of structutres, Scientia Iranica,Vol.2,No.2,1995,99-116
[3] Soong,T.T and Constantinou, M.C,Passive and active structural vibration control in civil engineering, International center for mechanical sciences, Courses and lecturers No.345,1994
[4] Mayes, R.L, Naeim, F ,Design of Structures with Seismic Isolation,, International Thomson publishing Asia,Singapore,2001,723- 756
[5] Naderzadeh, A, Application of seismic base isolation technology in Iran, Menshin No.63 Imensazeh Company, Tehran, 2009 , 40- 47
[6] Wang and Yen-Po, Fundamentals of seismic base isolation, International training programs for seismic design of building structutres,2009,139-148
[7] Abdulsalam, I, Al-Janabi, M , and Al-Taweel, M.G, Optimum design of tuned mass damper systems for seismic structures, Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures VII, WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 104,2009,175-184
[8] Saidi, I, Mohammed, A. D, Gad, E F, Wilson, J.,L and Haritos, N , Optimum design for passive tuned mass dampers using viscoelastic materials, Australian Earthquake Engineering Society Conference ,2007,1-8
[9] Sadek, F, Mohraz, B, Taylor, A.W and Chung, R .M ,A method of estimating the parameters of tuned mass damper for seismic applications, Earthquake engineering and structural dynamics, Vol 26,1997,617-63
[10] Ismail, M , Ikhouane, F and Rodellar, J , The Hysteresis Bouc-Wen Model, a Survey, Arch Comput Methods Eng 16,2009, 161– 188

Abstract: Paratransit system consists of small passenger capacity vehicles operate on flexible routing and scheduling or fixed routing and flexible scheduling according to the usage of the trip makers. In Indian condition, paratransit plays an important role for the urban passenger transportation, particularly in the small and medium size cities. Imphal city has been selected in this study. Paratransit modes are the only means of public transportation system in Imphal. The study gives the detail information about the urban transit scenario of Imphal city. There are four major types of paratransit modes operating in the study area mainly, cycle-rickshaws, auto-rickshaws, tata magic and maruti van.The characteristics of each mode have been established by conducting different surveys such as modal split, vehicular occupancy and operator survey. The survey was carried out on important roads distributed all over the city.The percentage share of paratransit in terms of urban passenger movement has been found out with respect to all the modes. The auto-rickshaw is the most popular mode of paratransit having maximum share in terms of numbers and occupancy rate.The approach to transportation system is to focus not just on increasing vehicle movement, but on improving paratransit modes in the city. Predefined stoppage, parking for paratransit modes are essential to have better and timely service of the paratransit.
Key Words: modal split, operator survey, par transit, vehicular occupancy.

Books
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[2]. Town Directory, Census of Manipur 2001

Journal
[3] Dr.M.AliAhmed; Socio – economic status of paratransit operator in the city of Assam, ITPI Journal, 2008, Pp 21- 27.

Thesis
[4] Dr.M.AliAhmed; Utilities of Paratransit Modes in the Cities of Assam, India, Doctoral dissertation, Department of Architecture and Regional planning, IIT Kharagpur, 2008.
Link
[5] https://autos.maxabout.com
[6] www.made-from-india.com

Abstract: It seems imperative to study evapotranspiration (ET) more broadly as a need of hour because in context of climate change as the average temperature is rising; certainly the evaporative demand is shooting up. The present study provides idea about likely change in evapotranspiration due to change in climatic parameters in context of changing climate. As different methods of estimating ET responses differently in specific meteorological parameters on ET demand. The change in temperature causes change in other parameters such as humidity, wind speed, and vapour pressure which ultimately changes ET. In the present study ten years (2002-2011) weather data taken from Ozone unit, Indian Meteorological Department, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, has been analysed for the change in temperature, wind speed and net radiation. It is found that an increase in 14.87% of total ETo demand with increase in temperature by 20 % for FAO 56 PM model, which is followed by net radiation (13.6%) and wind speed (4.16%) in comparison with temperature. While among the other ten temperature and radiation based methods taken up for same study Hargreaves & Samani temperature based method shows the highest change (21.87%) to temperature & solar radiation (Rs) based Irmak model evaluates least change (5.5%) for 20 % increase in temperature. Moreover, the details of the various combinations of changes in different parameters have been analysed. Further, it is found that approximately1oc increase in temperature could increase ETo by 30 m.m per year. It means it would require a huge amount of extra water to cater the need of several thousands of hectares of crops per year.
Keywords: FAO 56 PM, Evapotranspiration, climatic parameters, temperature, net radiation, wind speed.

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[3] Bhabagrahi Sahoo, Walling I, Bidyut C. Deka, Bhagwati P. Bhatt, 2011. Standardization of reference evapotranspiration models for a sub humid valley rangeland of eastern Himalayas. Journal of Irrigation & drainage Engineering, doi: 10.1061/ (ASCE) IR. 1943- 4774.0000476.
[4] Deepak Jhajharia, Yagob Dinpashoh, Ercan Kahya, Vijay P. Singh and Ahmad Fakheri-Fard 2011. Trends in reference evapotranspiration in the humid region of northeast India. Hydrol. Process.Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/hyp.8140.
[5] Dinpashoh Y, Jhajharia D, Fakheri-Fard A, Singh VP, Kahya E. 2011. Trends in reference crop evapotranspiration over Iran. Journal of Hydrology 399: 422–433. DOI:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.01.021.DOI:10.1029/2007GL031166.
[6] Goyal RK, 2004. Sensitivity of evapotranspiration to global warming: a case study of arid zone of Rajasthan (India). Agricultural Water Management 69: 1–11.
[7] Hossein Tabri, Mark E. Grismer, Slavisa Trajkovic. 2011. Comparative analysis of 31 reference evapotranspiration methods under humid conditions. Irrigation Science DOI 10.1007/s00271-011-0295-z.
[8] Irmak, S., Irmak, A., Allen, R.G., and Jones, J. W. 2003. ''Solar and net radiation-based equations to estimate reference evapotranspiration in humid climates.'' Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. ASCE. 129(5):336-347.
[9] Lakshman Nandagin, Gicy M. Kovoor. 2005. Sensitivity of the food and agriculture organization Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration estimates to alternative procedures for estimation of parameters.238-248/Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Engineering ©ASCE /May/June 2005.
[10] Semalty P D 2011. Estimation of forest evapotranspiration over Uttarakhand hills, India Indian J. Phys. Vol. 85, No. 8, pp 1277 1285.

Abstract: Condition based maintenance (CBM) is an effective way to reduce costs and improve availability because it reduces unnecessary maintenance and prevents failures. CBM is effective for critical plant, including that which is of high capital value, production intensive or where a safety issue exists. This section revises maintenance strategies, defines CBM, and reviews planning considerations. Present work deals with an experimental investigation to monitor vibration condition of pump motor bearings (PMB) of large utility in processing plant. Motor is supported by 2 bearings. Tri-axial measurements were made at bearing supports for 4 times in 8 months. Velocity was measured along vertical, horizontal and axial directions. Based on peaks in the spectrum, causes for excessive vibrations were diagnosed. Remedial actions are to be taken to ensure safer operation of total motor and pump unit.
Key Words: motor, pump and condition monitoring

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[6] Fenton, B., McGinnity, T.M., Maguire, L.P., Whither AI in Test and Diagnosis, AUTOTESTCON Proceedings, USA, Valley Forge, PA, 2001, pp. 333-351.
[7] Horner, R.M.W., El-Haram, M.A., and A.K. Munns. Building maintenance strategy: a new management approach, Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 1997, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 273-280.
[8] ISO 10816 STANDARDS FOR VIBRATION LIMITS
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