iosr-JMCE   Volume-2 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: Mine tailings is an industrial by-product obtained from mining industry. The effective disposal of mine tailings(MT) is a great challenge to both civil engineers and mining engineers. On the other hand red earth(RE) is a non expansive soil which is having kaolinite as primary clay mineral and it is a natural soil available in vast areas of India, and also in Karnataka. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to improve the engineering properties of red earth by using mine tailings. The mine tailings properties were studied and treated with red earth soil in the presence of optimum lime content. Unconfined compressive strength tests were conducted to evaluate the engineering properties of the soil samples. The increase in strength due to long term pozzolanic reaction of the calcium oxide present in mine tailings with red earth resuling in the flocculation of particles. This encourages the effective utilization of Mine tailings for Geotechnical applications.
Keywords – Mine tailings, Maximum dry density, Optimum moisture content, Pozzolanic reaction, Strength

[1] Pebble Project, Tailings and Tailings Managements, Northern Dynasty Mines Inc., 2005, 1-4
[2]. P.K.Dhawan, O.P.Bhatnagar and R.K.Swamy ,Design of Soil-lime mixes and the durability aspects- A new approach, HighwayReseaechBulletin(IRC)36,1998,13-25
[3]. G.P.Broderick and D.E.Daniel, Stabilization compacted clay against chemical attack, ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.116, 1990, 1549-1567
[4]. Ergin Arioglu, Ali Yuksel and Agrali, Strength characteristics of lime-stabilized mine tailings, Mining Science and Technicalogy3,1986,161-166
[5]. P.V.Shivapullaiah, H. Lakshmikanth and K.Madhukiran, Geotechnical Properties of Stabilized Indian red earth, GeotechnicalandGeologicalEngineering,21,2003,399-413
[6]. P.V.Shivapullaiah and H.Lakshmikanth, Chemical Compatability of lime Stabilized Indian Red Earth as a Liner Material, SoilandSedimentContamination14,2005,515-526.
[7]. T.Soosan , A. Sridhan, B.Jose and B.Abraham, Utilization of Quqry dust to improve the geotechnical properties of soil in highwayconstruction,Geotechnicaltestingjournal,28(4),2005,391-400
[8]. S.Y.Thian and C.Y.Lee, Effect of Plastic Fines on over Consolidated Mining Sand, ARPN Journal of Engineering and AppliedScience,5(11),2010,6-14
[9]. Surendra Ray, Govinda R. Adhikari and Rama N Gupta, Use of gold mill tailings in making bricks: a feasibility study. Wast management and Research, 25, 2007, 475-482
[10] A Text Book of Soil Chemical Analysis by P.R.Hesse, Published by Chemical Pub. Co., University of Michign, 1972

Abstract: The The Korea South–South Cooperation (NAMNAM) started to explore the Maddhapara Hardrock mine in 1994 within an area of 1.25 Km2 and handed over it to Petrobangla. Petrobangla is planning now to extend the area of mine to fulfill the yearly production target 1.65 million tons. There are two shafts (skip & cage) at Maddhapara Hardrock mine and NAMNAM didn't propose any ventilation shaft for ventilation. But if the mine will go for targeted production then more air will be required for miners for a good working environment. This additional air can be ventilated though a ventilation shaft. The present study proposes a ventilation shaft that can be constructed by conventional freezing method.
Keywords - Ventilation shaft, Freezing method, Ice wall, Vertical Ground Pressure, Freezing hole.

Journal Papers:
[1] Littlejohn, G.S. 1993. Chemical grouting. In Thorburn. S. and Littlejohn, G.S. (eds.) Underpinning and retention, Blackie, p. 242-273.
Books:
[2] Goodman, R.E., Introduction to rock Mechanics. (John Wiley & sons, New York, Second Edition, 1989)
[3] Harris, J.S. 1995. Ground Freezing in Practice, Thomas Telford Services Ltd. Telford House, 1 Heron Quay, London, E144JD, 264p.
Theses:
[4] Chowdhury, K. R. and Islam, M.S., Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Gondwana rocks in the Barapukuria Basin, Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. An unpublished Ph.D. thesis of Jahangirnagar University, 2002.
[5] Raza, M.J., Hydrogeology of Maddhapara area, Hard rock Mining area and Environment in relation to Mining Geology, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Dhaka, 1998
Report:
[6] NAMNAM, Rahman, A., 1987. Geology of Maddhapara Area, Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. Record of Geological Survey of Bangladesh, v.5.p.2,61.
Unpublished Reports:
[7] NAMNAM, 1996. Freezing report of Maddhapara Hard rock Mining Project, Unpublished Report of MHMP, 100p.
[8] NAMNAM, 2001. Hydrogeological Survey data of Underground roadways of Mine. Unpublished Report of MHMP, 27p.
[9] NAMNAM, 2000. Calculation developing workings of stopes 1-5 ( Technical Design), Bangladesh. Unpublished Report of MHMP, 19-40p.

Abstract: Due to evaluate of damages like to cracks in the embankment during an earthquake so cased to piping or overtopping and failure are main purpose. Review study indicated that the maximum displacement during dynamic loading is led to the crest and interaction between embankment with foundation or water was cased. Numerical analysis to investigate of relationship between material properties of the crest with unsaturated condition in short height embankment on the soft soil is performed. Analyses of models with plane strain were concerned by the finite-element method with ANSYS13 software so earthquake record as NAGAN with 5.02 second and peak ground acceleration equal to PGA=0.65g is used. Analysis of results in the main points indicated that to control dynamic settlement with minimum value of displacement in the vertical and horizontal axis and maximum shear stress in the foundation must follow from  Ratio. This ratio was conducted to modulus elasticity between an unsaturated crest of embankment and soft soil in the foundation and this value between 0.13to0.20 Was defined and the best suggest of the ratio was  =0.16 to satisfy all the conditions. In addition, Numerical analysis had good agreements with literature review. Search more to evaluate the best value of this ratio for height embankment is a suggestion for future.
KEYWORDS: dynamic settlement, material properties, embankment,  ratio, ANSYS softwar

[1]. Newmark, N.M., (1965). Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments. Geotechnique, 15: 139-160. http://www.civil.ubc.ca/liquefaction/Publications/H yropower&Dams.pdf
[2]. Mononobe, H.A., (1936). Seismic stability of the earth dam. Proceeding of the 2nd Congress on Large Dams, (CLD‟36), Washington DC., USA., pp: 435-442.
[3]. Gazetas, G., (1981). A new dynamic model for earth dams evaluated through case histories. Soils Foundat.,21: 67-78. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003914595
[4]. Clough, R.W. and A.K. Chopra, (1966). Earthquake stress analysis in earth dams. J. Eng. Mech., ASCE., 92: 197-211. http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/Text/300451
[5]. Zeghal, M. and A.M Abdel-Ghafar, (1992). Local global finite element analysis of the response of earth dams. Comput. Struct.,42:569-579.DOI: 10.1016/0045-7949(92)90124-I
[6]. Ming, H.Y. and X.S. Li, (2003). Fully coupled analysis of failure and remediation of lower San Fernando dam. J. Geotechnic. Eng. Div., ASCE., 129: 336-349. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE) 1090-0241(2003)129: 4(336)
[7] J.L. Borges(2004).Three-dimensional analysis of embankments on soft soils incorporating vertical drains by finite element method. Computers and Geotechnics 31 (2004)665–676 www.elsevier.com/locate/compgeo
[8] A. Yildiz (2009). Numerical analyses of embankments on PVD improved soft clays. Advances in Engineering Software 40 (2009)1047-1055 Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/advengsoft
[9]. Ordóñez, G.A., (2000). SHAKE2000: A computer program for the 1D analysis of geotechnical earthquake engineering problems. http://www.shake2000.com/index.htm
[10] R. Noorzad and M. Omidwar (2010). Seismic displacement analysis of embankment dams with reinforced cohesive shell. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 30 (2010) 1149–1157 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/soildyn

Abstract: This paper reports an experimental study carried out to investigate the influence of synergic effects of metakaolin and Fly ash on the mechanical and transport properties of self compacting concrete. The results showed that the combination of metakaolin and fly ash provides a positive effect on mechanical and transport properties of self compacting concrete. Besides, the sample incorporating the ternary blend of cement with 15% metakaolin and 15% fly ash showed better compressive strength than that of the normal self compacting concrete without metakaolin and fly ash. This blend proved to be the optimum combination for achieving maximum synergic effect. In addition, the resistance to chloride ion penetration was directly varied with the (Si O2 + Al2 O3 + Fe2 O3) / Ca O ratio.
Key words: Chloride permeability; Pozzolanic materials; Self compacting concrete; Strength; Synergic effect

[1] Amrutha, Gopinatha Nayak, Mattur C. Narasimhan and Rajeeva S.V. "Chloride-Ion Impermeability of Self-Compacting High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete Mixes". International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS, 11(4), 2009, 29- 35
[2] Ambroise J, Maximillen S, Pera J. Properties of metakaolin blended cements. Advanced Cement Materials, 1(4), 1994, 161-168.
[3] Okan karahan, Khandaker M.A hossain, Erdogan Ozbay, Mohamed Lachemi, Emre sancak. Effect of metakaolin content on the properties self- compacting light weight concrete. Construction and building materials, 31, 2012, 320-325.
[4] Hassan, K.E., Cabrera, J.G., and Maliehe, R.S. The Effect of Mineral Admixtures on the Properties of High-Performance Concrete. Cement & Concrete Composites, 22, 2000, 267-271.
[5] Gopalakrishna S., Rajamane N.P., Neelamegam M., Peter, J.A. and Dattatreya, J.K. Effect of partial replacement of cement with fly ash on the strength and durability of HPC. The Indian Concrete Journal, 2001, 335-341.
[6] Luiz Antonio Pereira de oliveira, Joao Paulo de castro gomes, Cristiana nadir gonilho Pereira. Study of sorptivity of self-compacting concrete with mineral additives. Journal of civil engineering and management. 9, 2006, 215-220.
[7] Goh, Chia-Chia., Show, Kuan-Yeow and Cheong, Hee-Kiat. Municipal Solid Waste Fly Ash as a Blended Cement Material. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 15, 2003, 513-53-23.
[8] Skarendhal.A. "Early age and hardened properties in self compacting concrete" state-of-art report of rilem technical committee 174-SCC, rilem publications. 2000, 43-46.
[9] EFNARC, specification and guidelines for self compacting concrete. Association house, UK, Feb 2002.
[10] Wang, Shuxin and Li, Victor C. Engineered Cementitious Composites with High-Volume Fly Ash. Materials Journal of ACI, 104 (3), 2007, 233-241.