iosr-JMCE   Volume-14 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2017

Abstract: A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle without closing the way beneath. The required passage may be for pedestrians, a railway, a road, canal or pipelines. The obstacle to be crossed may be a road, rivers, railways or valley. There are many different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different conditions. The beam bridge carries vertical loads by flexure. The truss bridge of simple span behaves like a beam because it carries vertical loads by bending. The truss bridge of simple span behaves like a beam because it carries vertical loads by bending. The top chords are in compression and the bottom chords are in tension, while the vertical and diagonal members are either in tension or compression depending on their orientation. Loads are carried primarily in compression by the arch bridge, with the reactions at the supports (springing) being both vertical and horizontal forces............

Keywords: Bridge, Plate Girder, Deflection, Stress, Shear Force, Bending Moment.

[1]. Bhurke K. N., (Sep-Oct 2013),Strength of Welded Plate Girder with Tapered Web, Bhurke K. N et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, pp. 1947-1951. [2]. Cooke, N., Moss, P.J., Walpole, W. R., Langdon, D. W., and Harvey M. H. (1983), "Strength and Serviceability of Steel Girder Webs". Journal of Structural Engineering pp 785-807.
[3]. Cynthia J. Zahn, Plate Girder Design Using LRFD,(1987), Engineering Journal/American Institute Steel Construction, PP 11-20.
[4]. Fu, K., Zhai, Y., and Zhou, S. (2005). "Optimum Design of Welded Steel Plate Girder Bridges Using a Genetic Algorithm with Elitism."
[5]. Gi-Ha Eom, et al. (2017) Design Optimization and Structural Performance Evaluation of Plate Girder Bridge Constructed Using a Turn-Over Process, Materials, 10, 283; doi:10.3390/ma10030283

Abstract: An experimental study has been conducted in Baghdad Technical Institute to evaluate the gasoline fuel that used in Iraq and their effects on petrol engine performance. A single cylinder four stroke air cooled petrol engine was used in this research, the engine fixed on a test engine rig that consists of a hydraulic dynamometer (that used to connect with engine outlet shaft to dominate and control the load) and instrumentation unit which contains of many devices that measure the fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, engine speed and torque. Four types of gasoline fuel were used which include imported gasoline named (A1),Shuaiba gasoline (A2), Al-Daura gasoline (A3) and Nasiriya gasoline (A4). The engine was run on three levels of speed 1500, 2000and 2500 rpm with three levels of loads 2,4 and 6 Nm respectively...........

Key Words: Gasoline fuel, petrol engine, brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal efficiency

[1]. Hassan A.L.(2016),Experimental study the effect of Octane number on performance of spark ignition engine , International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research,pp53-61
[2]. Akram Hamdoun and Abdulfaraj Shawkat (2005), Internal Combustion Engines,Al Yazoori Publisher House ,Jordan
[3]. Ravishankar M.K., and Prem Kumar B.G.,(2014), Comparative study of performance of two wheeler using ethanol –gasoline blends.International Journal of science and research,Vol.3,Issue 10,pp1696-1699.
[4]. Abdulilah M., and Ismail R.,(2001),Lead in Gasoline automobile fuel and ways of reduction,Al-SAFFA PUBLISHER HOUSE,p98.Al Kuwait.
[5]. KB Siddegowda and Jvenkatesh (2013),Performance and emission characteristics of MPFI engine by using Gasoline-Ethanol blends,Internation Journal of Innovative research in Science ,Engineering and Technology,Vol.2,Issue9,pp 4891-4897

Abstract: FRP materials in strengthening of Reinforced Concrete (RC) elements tends to be more popular depends on development of civil engineer application areas in the recent years. Damaged buildings and strengthening buildings with low standards became one of the fast developing subjects all over the World. Buildings that purpose of use has been changed, old buildings not in compliance with earthquake regulation and damaged buildings need to be strengthened. In this study, the advantages of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) as one of the strengthening technique with the other classical methods discussed due to their properties of being thin and light as shirt fabric with high strength capacity.

Keywords: Concrete, fiber reinforced polymers, strengthening methods

[1] A. Karasin, S. Erdemli, M.E. Oncu, "Models for Confined Concrete Columns with Fiber Composites," International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 2014, vol. 5(12), .55-6.3.
[2] P. Gülkan, "Quantification of Seismic Damage and Structural Intervention, Second Japon-Turkey Workshop on Earthquake Engineering, İstanbul, 1998.
[3] M. E. Oncu, A. Karasin, S. Yılmaz, "Behavior Of Strengthen Concrete Sections with CFRP Under Axial Loading." Journal of New World Sciences Academy Engineering Sciences, 2010, vol.5(3), p.515-525.
[4] ACI440.2R-08, Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures, ACI 2008
[5] Task Grup 9.3FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) reinforcement for concrete structures, July 2001. "Design and use of externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer reinforcement (FRP EBR) for reinforced concrete structures‟, fib CEB-FIP Bulletin 14,Swithzerland, 2001.