iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to review the state of art on integrated water resources management (IWRM) approaches for sustainable irrigation at the basin scale under semi-arid and arid climatic conditions, with main emphasis in Barind area where Surface water irrigation has not been developed satisfactorily due to its limited availability and undulated topography. As IWRM is an interdisciplinary approach and used for different objectives, the main emphasis is given to IWRM approaches for sustainable irrigation and their environmental aspects. In general integrated approaches in Bangladesh are scarce. Groundwater is the main source of irrigation as well as for domestic and industrial purposes in Barind area. In recent years, lowering of groundwater table is observed in some areas of the region. Lowering of groundwater table during dry months creates problems in the operation of STWs and hand tubewells. In some places of Tanore Upazila, declining trend of groundwater level also observed. In the next 25 years, food demand of the country is expected to increase by 29% which will require increased cropping intensity. In absence of major surface water diversion, added pressure on groundwater will lead to further depletion of the sources. Rivers being recharged from groundwater causing a major natural loss of groundwater through Mahananda and the Ganges river. Reduction of surface water flows and lowering of groundwater table combined with climate change will aggravate the existing water scarcity problem. All these have compounded the sustainable management of water in this area. To overcome this complexity, an integrated water resources management (IWRM) is necessary. Upazila wise potential resource as well as usable resource, present and future demand for expanded irrigation coverage, number of DTW, surface water availability, impact of conserving surface water on kharies have been assessed for the study area which is very important for IWRM.

Keywords: IWRM, Drought, Climate Change, Declining trend of Groundwater, Sustainable Irrigation, otential Recharge

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Abstract: The objective of this work is to develop a numerical model of the resistance spot welding process with a flat cylindricallower electrode, enabling to predict accurately the spot weld geometry development. A 2D axisymmetric electro-thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) model is developed to study the effect of spot welding parameters on nugget size using ANSYS commercial software package. The nugget formation processes at the various welding conditions were investigated by both experimental measurement and FEM simulation.In order to improve the accuracy, temperature dependent properties of material are taken into account during the simulation. Experiments were carried out to verify the preciseness of simulation. Two different thicknesses of austenitic stainless steel sheets were used in the study. The FE predicted weld nugget sizes agreed well with the experimental results. Overall, the present work indicated that finite element analysis can be very useful as an off-line observation tool to estimate the influence of welding parameters on the welding quality and to predict or improve the welding quality.

Key words: Resistance spot welding, Austenitic stainless steel, Finite element method, Nugget.

[1] Nied, H.A., 1984. The finite element modeling of the resistance spot welding process. Welding J. 63, 123–132.
[2] Gould, J.E., 1987. An examination of nugget development during spot welding, using both experimental and analytical techniques. Welding J. 66, 1–10.
[3] Cho, H.S., Cho, Y.J., 1989. A study of thermal behavior in resistance spot welds. Welding J. 67, 236–244.
[4] Tsai, C.L., Dai, W.L., Dickinson, D.W., Papritan, J.C., 1991. Analysis and development of real-time control methodology in resistance spot welding. Welding J. 69, 339–351.

[5] Tsai, C.L., Jammel, O.A., Papritan, J.C., Dickinson, D.W., 1992. Modeling of resistance spot weld nugget growth. Welding J. 70, 47–54.

Abstract: Agro industry plays a crucial role in the industrialization process of developing countries. Sugar industry is second largest agro industry in the world. In sugar manufacturing plants there are various processes for production of sugar i.e. extraction of juice, clarification, evaporation, concentration of juice, forming and separating crystals etc. These processes consumed energies in the form of mechanical energy, electrical energy and heat energy. So there are various sources of waste heat in sugar factory i.e. waste heat from hot flue gasses, hot water from evaporative body and boiler blow down. The large amount of waste heat passes from various devices of sugar factory causes decrease in the efficiency of sugar plants, and also increase the "Global Warming" which is very dangerous for our environment. The present cooling system for condenser is inappropriate & hence decrease vacuum in evaporators and pans. This will increase the boiling point temperature of juice. The proposed cooling system gives solution of both problems. The most important source of waste heat i.e. hot flue gases are use to run absorption chiller. The absorption chiller gives better cooling system for condenser. There will be improvement in condensation of vapour in condenser which will cause increase vacuum in evaporators and pans thereby reducing boiling point temperature of juice. This reduced boiling point temperature of juice requires less amount of steam for boiling, ultimately saving of bagasse and fuel economy can be attained. Thus this arrangement can be treated as the efficient method of utilization of waste heat for cooling condenser water in sugar factory thus saving further depletion of natural resources like coal, petroleum or else increasing its availability to other important processes and one can hope that the "waste heat recovery" may play an even greater role in the industrial development in this new millennium.
Key word: Boiling of juice, bagasse yields, crushing, scrubbing system, vacuum measurement, gur

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Abstract: Subgrade strength is mostly affected by thickness of pavement, in Highway design. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is the one of the method to determine the sub grade strength.CBR test is laborious and time consuming, hence a method is proposed for correlating CBR value with the LL, PL, SL, PI, OMC and MDD. In the present study, different soils samples (having 20<LL<70) were collected from different locations. Various laboratory tests including Atterberg limit, Specific Gravity, Gradation Analysis, CBR and compaction were performed on the samples. Various linear relationships between index properties and CBR of the samples were investigated using simple and multiple linear regression analysis and also predictive equation estimating CBR from the experimental index values were developed.

Keywords: Coefficient of correlation (R) 2, MLRA, Regression, Soaked CBR value, SLRA.

[1] Dilip Kumar Talukdar, A Study of correlation between California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values with other properties of soil. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, volume 4 (2014), pp. 559-562.
[2] Soewignjo Agus NUGROHO, Andy HENDRI, and Rahayu NINGSIH, Correlation between Index properties and California Bearing Ratio test of Pekanbaru Soils with and without Soaked. Canadian Journal on Environmental, Construction and Civil Engineering, Vol. 3(2012), No.1, pp. 7-16.
[3] Patel.Rashmi S. and Desai.M.D, CBR Predicted by Index properties for Alluvial soils of South Gujarat. Indian Geotechnical Conference (2010), pp. 79-82.
[4] Ramasubbarao, G.V. and Siva Sankar, G, Predicting Soaked CBR value of fine grained soils using index and compaction characteristics, Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, volume 7(2013), No.3, pp. 354-360.
[5] B.C. Chattopadhyay and J. Maity, Prediction of CBR of different groups of Alluvial soils for design of flexible pavement. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Engineering under Uncertainty: Safety Assessment and Management (ISEUSAM), pp. 833-847.