IOSR-JHSS   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4 ~ Mar-Apr-2013

Abstract: The study is a survey research carried out among Liberian refugees in Oru refugee camp to assess the prevalence of PTSD among the Liberia refugees in Nigeria and the impact of some pre-trauma factors on the experience of PTSD. Purposive random sampling was employed to select participants which consisted of 94 males and 73 females. Post traumatic disorder Checklist (PCL Civilian version) developed by Frank Weathers was used to measure their level of PTSD. The result shows that 74% of the refugees scored above the norm χ=60.18. there is a significant main effect of marital status and also significant interaction effect of gender and age.

Key Words: Post-traumatic stress, Pre-traumatic factors, Refugee,

[1]. J. Benson, Third culture personalities and the integration of refugees into the community: some reflection from general practice. (2006)
[2]. E Bolton. Shame and guilt, misconception and controversies. A critical review of the literature. htt://www.sagepublication.com. (2008)
[3]. N. Breslau, G.C. Davis, M.A. Andreski, and E. Peterson, Traumatic events and urban population of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48; (1991) 216-222
[4]. C.R Brewin, B. Andrews, and J.D. Valentine, Meta analysis of risk factors for PTSD in Trauma exposed adults. Journal of Counselling and Clinical Psychology, 68 (5), (2000)748-766.
[5]. C. Colorado. How to support refugee students in the ELL classroom. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/summary. (2008)
[6]. J. H. Ehrenreich, Coping with disasters: Guide book to psychological intervention. http://www.mnwwa.on (2001)
[7]. P. Gilbert, M.W. Balwin, I.B. Chris, R. Jodene and P. Michelle, Self-criticism and self-warmth: an imaginary study exploring their relation to depression. Jounal of Clinical Psychotherapy. 20 (2006).
[8]. R. Haigin, and S.K. Whitbourne, Abnormal psychology : A clinical perspective on psychological disorders. New York. McGraw Hill. (2007)
[9]. R. Janoff-Bulman, Scattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of trauma. New York: Maxwell Macmillan International. (1992)
[10]. Kalayjaian, R.L. Kanazi, C.L. Aberson, L. Faygi, A cross-cultural study of the psychosocial and spiritual impact of natural disaster. International Journal of Group tensions. 31 (2002) 175-186

Abstract: The increase in the rate of violent crimesisno longer news in Nigeria, especially the current state of bomb explosion, and robbery and murder. No society exists without some norms and these have translated in many societies as guiding laws which emanated from different socio-cultural experiences. In Nigeria, punishment of such violent crimes as armed robbery and murder by capital punishment or death sentence is still very much in place. This study was intended to appraise the state of capital punishment in Nigeria, looking at its effectiveness in curbing violent crimes. The study used a group of Nigerian youths as a sample, accidentally drawn to appraise the perception of the people on capital punishment, and this study was guided by the abolitionist and retentionist schools whose views and positions were within the tents of retributivism and utilitarianism and control theory respectively. While using simple percentage for data analysis, it was found out that though capital punishment has not produced the expected effect, but was believed to have produced some deterrent value for the offender and the would-be offender. It has therefore been recommended that Nigerian governments at all levels should expedite actions in the area of employment generation and also make policies for community policing and include in the school curriculum security education.

Key words: capital punishment, crime, violent crime, utilitarianism, retributivism, control theory.

[1]. Achilike , J.C.(1999)Two theories of punishment: A reconciliation in Balogun .O.et al Philosophy of law, Ibadan: Bennel Books.
[2]. Alli,A.S.(2001) Philosophical problems of punishment in OduwoleE. et al fundamentaltheories and issues in ethics, Ibadan Bennel Books.
[3]. Denisoff R.S et al (1975) An introduction to sociology, New York, Macmillian publishing Co Inc.
[4]. Egbara, G. sharia: another woman faces death by stoning in Bauchi, Daily Independent Wednesday, October 13,2004 pg1.
[5]. Ehusani, G. Revisiting the death penalty The justice vanguard, June7,2004,pg12.
[6]. Flew, A. (no date) The justification of punishment inactionAB(ed).The philosophy of punishment. New York.
[7]. Giddens,A.(2001)Sociology 4thed UK,blackwell publishers.
[8]. Ilechukwu,L. C.(no date)Capital punishment and the rest of us, Justice vanguard, Monday July 26, 2004pg 13-14
[9]. Longman dictionary of contemporary English, 3rd edition, English research education Ltd.
[10]. Obioha,E.N. (2002) Punishment in society in Isiugo- AbanihereU.C. et al currents and perspectives in sociology, Lagos, Malthouse Ltd.

Abstract: The research study is an attempt to analyze the various aspects of Naga art. Why and how such practices like the feasts of merit and headhunting exist and visual forms such as the colorful textiles, woodcarving, body tattooing, weapons and ornaments produced. Among the Nagas, art and rituals are interdependent; none of them complete without the other. Everyday activities like work in the fields, hunting, fishing, birth and dead, followed minute taboos and observances. Among the Nagas adherence to the prescribed rituals and taboos was strictly observed in their art, any deviations from the technical tradition were believed to bring ill-fortune such as death, famine, sickness or defeat in war. With very limited tools at their disposal, the Naga artisan skillfully reproduced traditional styles by simply visualizing the forms and lines mentally.

Keywords – feasts of merit, headhunting, morung (men's ceremonial house), rituals, taboos

[1]. Lotha, Abraham, History of Naga Anthropology (1832-1947) Chumpo Museum Publication. History of Naga Anthropology 1832-1947 (2007)
[2]. Pemperon, Robert Boileau, the Eastern Frontier of Nagaland. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1835
[3]. Hodson, Thomas Callan, the Naga Tribes of Manipur. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd, 1911
[4]. Hutton, John Henry, the Meaning and Method of the Erection of Monoliths by the Naga Tribes. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 52:55-70. 1922
[5]. Hutton, John Henry, the Significance of Head-Hunting in Assam. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 58 (2): 399-408. 1928
[6]. Balfour. Henry, the Evolution of Decorative Art: An Essay upon Its Origin and Development as Illustrated by the Art of Modern Races of Mankind. London: Rivington, Percival and Co. 1893a
[7]. Fürer, Haimendorf, C. Von, the Morung System of the Konyak Nagas. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 68: 349-378. 1938
[8]. Fürer, Haimendorf, C. Von, Social and Cultural Change among the Konyak Nagas. The Highlander, 1 (1):3-12. Kohima: Department of Art and Culture. 1973
[9]. Hodson, T.C, Head-hunting among the Hill Tribes of Assam. Folklore, 20 (2):132-143. 1909
[10]. Lotha, Abraham, Naga Warfare (unpublished manuscripts) 1998

Abstract: The Indian economy is set to grow at a rapid pace recovering swiftly from the downturn. While services is expected to retain its position as the top contributor to GDP, manufacturing and agriculture are also experiencing brisk growth. Physical infrastructure augmentation would be essential to maintain and enhance this pace of growth moving forward. There is a strong interest in the Indian infrastructure story, with transportation being the key lever in the same. The investment in roads, rail, ports and aviation, often in the form of public-private partnerships, has provided a fillip to infrastructure creation in the country. But as far as Tamil Nadu is concerned, roadways is a well developed basic infrastructure. This sector makes large scale production possible by ensuring an adequate flow of raw materials and manpower and enlarging the potential market for such production. It extends the frontiers of employment for labour, capital and enterprise and helps in bringing about economic and social integration. A World Bank report says : "The major lag in Indian transport development is on roads, where the effects of the revolution in the means of transport, which have drastically changed the transport picture in other countries, have been so muted as to seriously impede the progress of the country towards economic development

key words :Economic Development, Bus Services, Road and Agriculture

[1]. Infrastructure for Agriculture and Rural Development, An Impact Assessment of Investments in Rural Roads and Bridges under RIDF, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Mumbai, 2004, p. 53.
[2]. Report on Road Infrastructure and Efficiency of Use in Tamil Nadu, Confederation of Indian Industry, p. 14.
[3]. Narendra Singru, Asian Development Bank, "Socioeconomic effects of Road Improvements‟, August 2007, p. 37.
[4]. Rostow, W.W., The Stages of Economic Growth, Cambridge, 1960, p. 55.
[5]. Report on the Impact of Roads in Salem District, Highways and Rural Works Department, Madras, 1996, p. 11.
[6]. Report of the Task Force on Transportation 1972-1984, p. 13.
[7]. Economic Benefits of the Ramnad-Mandapam Road 59-60, p. 12.
[8]. Tamil Nadu An Economic Appraisal 1972 – 1973, Madras, 1975, p. 35.
[9]. Report of Chief Engineers on Road Development Plans for India 1961-81, Ministry of Transport and Communication, Department of Transport, Government of India, 1983, p. 101.
[10]. Ashok V.Bhuleshkar, Towards Socialist Transformation of Indian Economy, Bombay, 1972, p. 265.