IOSR-JHSS   Volume-5 ~ Issue-4 ~ Nov-Dec-2012

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Initial Conquest of India by Turks and Their Slaves
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mustafa Sareer
	:	10.9790/0837-0540114

Abstract:The very word "Turk‟ or "Türk‟ appears as the name of a central-Asian nomad people only from the sixth century A.D. onwards.When in 552 the "Turk‟ Qaghnate was founded on the Orkhon river in Mongolia. The Chinese name for the Turks was Tu-kuch, which was apparently derived from Türküt, The Mongol plural of Türk.The Greeks called them Tourkoi, The Arabs Atrak (sg.Turk), while in New Persian they became known as Turkan (sg.Turk). In Sanskrit they were called Turushkāh, while the Tibetians identified all Turks with the Qarlugh tribe, and hence referred to the Turks usually as Garlog. Originally,Türk was an ethnonym which was associated with a small tribe headed by the Ashina clan; it meant "The Strong One‟ and fell within the semantic range of a whole series of tribal names which connoted "Force‟, "Violence‟, "Ferociousness‟ and so on. These original Türks or Türkü had, in the first half of the fifth century, become vassals of another nomadic empire, that of the Juan-Juan. In the middle of the sixth century, however, the Turks destroyed the Juan-Juan empire while founding there own there own nomad state. This state reached at its greatest extent from the Great Wall to the Oxus and even beyond,covering therefore not only the whole of the inner and outer Mongolia but also settled areas far to the west. Intermittently it lasted upto the middle of the eighth century.

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Abstract:The paper examines the local perspective on the involvement aspiration of women in housing development in Ibadan, Nigeria. The aim of the paper is twofold. The first aim is an examination of the local perspective about women's involvement in housing development. The second aim is an examination of the influence of local perspective on housing development involvement aspiration of women as indicated by the actual housing development involvement of women, women's level of knowledge about the development of their household house, and women's intension to be involved in housing delivery. The null hypotheses tested in the paper is that there is no significant relationship between the local perspective about women's involvement in housing development and (i) actual housing development involvement of women, (ii) women's level of knowledge about the development of their household house, and (iii) women's intension to be involved in housing delivery. The data used in the paper were derived from a larger household survey on gender and housing study carried out by the author in Ibadan, Nigeria. Correlation statistical technique was used to test the hypotheses. The literature shows that the local perspective is that decisions on housing development are male dominated. Significant negative relationship is found between local perspective and (i) actual housing development involvement of women, (ii) women's level of knowledge about the development of their household house, and, (iii) women's intention to be involved in housing delivery. This result suggests that women empowerment could be greatly enhanced through a reorientation of the mindset of the society about some of the local perspective that hinders women's involvement in development activities.
Keywords:Local perspective; aspiration; women empowerment; housing development.

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Abstract:The work was guided by the interest to find out what the causes of internal conflicts in Africa are, the impacts and the general affect on the under-development nature of Africa in general and Nigeria in particular. To get these objectives achieved, some leading questions were asked to help enquiring into these areas. First, it tries to find out if high incidence of poverty accounts for the persistence of internal conflicts in Nigeria and secondly, to know whether the low level of development in Africa today is a consequence of persisting internal conflicts. Guided by the relative deprivation theory, the paper came up with the findings that internal conflict and undemocratisation stalls the Nigerian development and indeed African development. Based on these, the paper made the suggestions in the form of conflict resolution strategy that could put the African countries out of contentions and conflicts and in the part of development.
Key Words:Conflict, Internal Conflicts and Development.

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Abstract:Recognizing Pot Chitra as formalized folklore, the word Pot Chitra has been analyzed. The customs of picture painting and the making of elongated Pot Chitra have been discussed. Amongst the thousands of materials or objects in the folk arts it is not difficult to understand the worldly characteristics. Sometimes, the divine philosophies and the realistic philosophies have been the guide amongst these topics. The formation of art and its rhythmic outlines were attained by the artist‟s aesthetic mind. Therefore, the mass, volume and types of art-forms can be found, such as, pottery, carpentry and engraving, architecture, metal crafts, shell crafting, ivory crafting, mask making etc. Similarly in the graffiti, quilt-making, mat-crafting etc, and even in the ornament craft, the aesthetic rhythm of art is evident. Folk art, the integrated part of Bengal, displays a rich vocabulary of motifs. These motifs are deeply rooted in strong religious beliefs and underlay a strong symbolism. These motifs signify the desire for "self expression" and manifestation of the artisan‟s aspirations.

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