IOSR-JHSS   Volume-18 ~ Issue-4 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Economics of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Oyo-state, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Jonah Ikoku John, Marcus Samuel Nnamdi, Ilori Isaac Aduralere
	:	10.9790/0837-1840118

Abstract: This research examines the Economic contributions of major non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to the livelihoods of rural communities in Oyo State for the period covering 2002 to 2004, using descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis, gross margin analysis, gini-coefficient and normalized profit function analysis. A sample of 150 respondents were interviewed from two forest zones-Ibadan/Ibarapa and Shaki out of four forest zones-Ibadan/Ibarapa,Oyo,Ogbomosho and Shaki zones of Oyo State. The investigated variables were found significant and bore the expected positive signs thereby showing a direct linkage with gross income i.e.an increase in these variables brought about an increase in income.The gross margin analysis shows that NTFPs trade in the study area was profitable with an average trader earning a gross margin of N8,827.64 per month. The gini-coefficient of 0.95 shows inequality in income distribution. The normalized profit function analysis shows that for Bush meat, there is equal economic efficiency in both rainforest and savannah zone respectively. However savannah NTFP, users do not have absolute price or allocative efficiency. In the case of fuel wood there is no equal economic efficiency in both rainforest and savannah zone whereas NTFPs users in the savannah have absolute allocative or price efficiency. The implication is that for both types of NTFPs there is profit maximization i.e the users equate the value of marginal product of their variable factors of production to their factor cost. Also fuel wood is sustainable in the savannah zone and government should encourage the sustainable development of forest trees through afforestation projects.

Keywords: Non-timber forest product (NTFPs),Normalized profit function,gini-coefficient,gross margin analysis.

[1]. FAO, Non-wood forest products: the way ahead. fao forestry paper 97 food and agricultural organization of the un. 1991. 38.
[2]. FAO Community forestry note 1 (1991): forest, trees and people.
[3]. J.C. Okafor, Trees for food and fodder in the savannah areas of nigeria.the international tree crops journal 1, 1980, 131-141.
[4]. L. Popoola et al, Farmers priority in multipurpose tree and shrubs species for agroforestry in the humid lowlands of nigeria. journals of tropical forest resources, vol. (12) 1996, 16-31.

[5]. S.K. Adeyoju, Forestry and the Nigerian economy (Ibadan University Press
[6]. University Of Ibadan, Nigeria 1975). 308
[7]. A.F. Nkwatoh, Evaluation of trade on non-timber forest products in the Egagbam forest reserve of South West Cameroon University Of Ibadan 2000 167.
[8]. J.C. Okafor "Strategies for development of fruit tree and Ntfps in Nigeria
[9]. 24th annual conference of fan, 1995.
[10]. L. Popoola And, S.A. Oluwana, Marketing of non-timber forest production in Nigeria. paper presented at colloquimon biodiversity (rain forest ecosystem of Nigeria) by FEPA – NAAB linkage centre for forest conservation and biodiversity 8-10 1998 21

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Association between Self-esteem Levels of University Female Students and Their Physical apperance, Physique and Body Language
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Neha Sharma, Vishala Patnam
	:	10.9790/0837-1841924

Abstract: Irrespective of SES groups fifty five percent of the University female students assessed to have middle level self esteem followed by high level self esteem (24.50%) and low level self esteem (24.50%). There was a significant association between the self esteem levels of the University female students and the ratings about their physical appearance, physique and body language in both low and middle SES groups.

Keywords: Self esteem, Low SES, Middle SES, Physique, Body Language, Special Abilities.

[1]. Brookover, Thomas and Patterson 1985 In website http://bsos.umd.edu/socy/Rosenberg.html.
[2]. Camphell J., Krueger J.I., Vohs K.D. and Baumeister R.F. 2003 Cited in the article on Does high self esteem cause better performance,
[3]. Covington M.V. 1989 Self-esteem and Failure in school. The social importance of self-esteem. U.C. press, Berkeley, CA, 155-165.
[4]. David mellor, Mathew feeler-Tyszkiewiez marita P. McCabe, Lina A. Ricciardelli 2010,Body Image and Self Esteem Across Age and Gender: A Short-Term Longitudinal study Self identity, journal of sex roles ,63:9-10, 672-681.
[5]. Erin T. Barker, Marc H. Bornstein 2009, Global Self-Esteem, Appearance Satisfaction and Self Reported Dieting in Adolescence, 30:2, 205-224.
[6]. Hayes S.D., Crocker, Kowalski K.C. 1999 Gender differences in physical self –perception, global self esteem and physical activity: eveluvation of the physical self eseteem profile model, J of Sport Behaviour, 1, 1-14.
[7]. Holly W. 1987 Self-Esteem: Does It Contribute to Students' Academic Success? Eugene, OR: Oregne School Study Council, Univ. of Oregon.
[8]. Ikeda Joanne, Naworski Priscilla 1992, Am I fat? Helping young children Accept Differences in Body size. [9]. Lawrence, 1996 In website D Lawrence - books.google.com
[10]. Scheirer M. and Krant R. 1979 Increasing educational achievement via self-concept change. Review of Educational research. 49, 131-150.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Arabization Planning: Algeria as an Instance
Country	:	Algeria
Authors	:	Dekhir Faiza
	:	10.9790/0837-1842528

Abstract: Based on Al-Abed Al-Haq and Cooper's theoretical frameworks on language planning, this study is dedicated to describe Arabization from a language planning perspective. It also discusses how language planning can be used to provide a theoretical framework for Arabization planning. In order for these objectives to be achieved, the researcher goes through the following definitions: language planning definitions, Arabization definitions, presentation of an accounting scheme for the study of Arabization planning. This latter is said to increase our ability to describe and draw generalizations concerning Arabization planning.

Keywords: Arabization, Arabization planning, Language planning, Theoretical framework.

[1] R. L. Cooper, Language Planning and Social Change (Cambridge University Press, 1989)
[2] F. Al-Abed Al-Haq, Toward a Theoretical Framework for the Study of Arabicization Planning, The first International conference on Literature, Linguistics, and Translation, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan, 1994, 4-7.
[3] B. Jernudd and J. V. Neustupny, Language Planning: For Whom?, Comments presented at the International Colloquium on Language Planning in Ottawa, Canada, 1986.
[4] J. Rubin and B. Jernudd, Can Language Be Planned? Sociolinguistic Theory and Practice for Developping Nations. (East-West Center Press, Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
[5] C. M. Eastman , Language Planning: An Introduction (San Francisco, Chandler and Sharp, 1983)
[6] D. C. Kanta, Parallel Education System: A Micro-Level Study of Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India, International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 2013, 14-17
[7] G. Grandguillaume, La Francophonie en Algérie, Francophonie et mondialisation, no. 40, 2004, 75-97
[8] M. Sayadi, Arabization in the Arab World, in Arabization and its Role in Supporting the Arab Existence and Unity, (Beirut, Center of Arab Unity Studies, 1982)
[9] M. Benrabah, The Language Planning Situation in Algeria, Language Planning and Policy in Africa, vol. 2, Multilingual Matters LTD, 2007, 25-148
[10] B. Vinod and J. Dipti, Dominance of English in the Global market and the First Generation Learners (FGL), International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 2012, 35-38.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Use of Learner Autonomy in Teaching Speaking by Tertiary Level English Language Teachers in Private Universities of Bangladesh
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Mariam Jamila
	:	10.9790/0837-1842943

Abstract: The study has the core aims to investigate the use of learner autonomy in teaching English speaking to the undergraduate students of private universities of Bangladesh. Significant research works worldwide have renowned that use of learner autonomy in tertiary English language classes encourage student incentive and bring noteworthy changes in students' attainment. Therefore, the present study explores teachers' use of learner autonomy in teaching English speaking classes emphasizing various areas of language teaching: setting objectives, selection of materials, methods, evaluation process, learning environment, teacher-student relationship and teacher's role. This study is primarily based on a Likert scale self-report questionnaire survey followed by pilot study and interviews. The subjects in this study are 30 tertiary level English language teachers of four private universities of Bangladesh. The results of the work show that learner autonomy is not yet fully executed by the teachers. The study is anticipated to instigate further effective researches on this field and guide teachers to assume the principles of learner autonomy in English speaking classes at the tertiary level.

Keywords: learner autonomy, teaching English speaking, language teachers, private universities, tertiary level.

[1]. Ashraf, M.A., Ibrahim, Y and Joarder, M.H.R. (2009). Quality Education Management at Private Universities in Bangladesh: An Exploratory Study. Journal Pendidik Dan Pendidikan, Jil. (24) http://web.usm.my/education/publication/JPP24_MohammadAshraf_pdf
[2]. Baumgartner, C. Merriam (2007). Learning in Adulthood.
[3]. Benson, P.( 2001). Teaching and Researching Autonomy in Language Learning. Harlow: Longman
[4]. Brown, H.D. (1994). Principles of Language Learning and Language Teaching. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
[5]. Crookes, G. (2003). A Practicum in TESOL. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[6]. Crystal , D. (1997). English as a Global Language. UK: Cambridge University Press.
[7]. Dam, L. (1995). Learner Autonomy 3: From Theory to Classroom Practice. Dublin: Authentik.
[8]. Holec, H. (1979). Autonomy and Foreign Language Learning. UK: Pergamon Press Ltd.
[9]. Jefferson, G. (ed.). (1992). Lectures on Conversation. Oxford: Blackwell.
[10]. Lamb, T., & Reinders