IOSR-JHSS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct-2013

Abstract: Central African Republic, which ratified International convention on the rights of the child in July 1990, was committed to respect and protect the rights of children CAR. However, despite its promise, the country faces significant challenges: political, economic and socio-cultural obstacles that still limit the full enjoyment of the rights of children. Our research aims at drawing attentions on the need to promote child's rights in all the country as the key to prevent violation. Consequently the study gives suggestions to those dealing with child labor, to institutions of justice for child, and then emphasizes the need to sensitize populations on the importance of protecting and defending children's rights.

Keywords: Culture, Human Rights, International Law, Protection of the child

[1] Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 27: A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. This rule is without prejudice to article 46.
[2] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 8: Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Book
[3] V. T. Le Vine, Political Leadership in Africa (1967). Hoover Institution Studies Series; 18, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1967, pp. 114.
Online Press Releases
[4] UNICEF Centrafrique: l'existence d'enfants soldats publié le 04-01-2013
www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu
[5] The World report 2013 on the human development of the UNDP classifies the CAR in the 180th rank on 186. Avalable at. hdr.undp.org/en/statistics
[6] Résultats de l'enquête nationale à indicateurs multiples couplée avec la sérologie VIH et anémie en RCA 2006. Published on 2009-01. Part IV. P35-275. Available on: http://www.childinfo.org/files/ MICS3_CAR_FinalReport_2006_Fr.pdf
[7] UNICEF: Malnutrition among children in southern CAR alarming. Press Centre, 11 August 2009. Available at http://www.unicef.org/media/media_50744.html
[8] National Report on the Development of Education in the Central African Republic. 2004-6.part I.p4para 3-4. Available at www.ibe.unesco.org/Internation.P-4al/ICE47/English/Natreps

Abstract: The influence of the mass media is a contentious issue when it comes to childhood socialization. The nature and degree of media influence on children' s behaviour has been extensively addressed at some time or other, with the bulk of decades of research focusing on the relationship between the exposure to media programmes and social behaviour of children. While the issue of media has been extensively investigated, the "third parent's role as a socializing agent has been overlooked. When one considers that the media is a significant source of values and that it has the ability to impact on the thoughts, feelings, and behaviour of individuals, the media's role in the inculcation of deviant values is of relevance if one is to fully understand how this social system has increasingly become a source of values. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the role of the mass media in childhood socialization in order to determine how much influence the media has on the individual during childhood stage.

Keywords: Mass Media, Childhood, Socialisation, social behaviour

[1] A. N. Nnonyelu, Sociological Insights (Ibadan- Nigeria: Spectrum Books Limited, 2009).

[2] D. Schramm and S. Wilbur, What the Mass Media can do, in W. Schramm (ed), Mass Media and National Development, (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994).

[3] G. O. Okafor, Principles of Public Relations, in C.S. Okunna (ed.), Teaching Mass Communication: A Multi-Dimensional Approach, (Enugu: New Generation Books, 2002) 49-64.
[4] V. C. Strasburger, B. J. Wilson and A. B. Jordan, Children, Adolescents, and the Media, (US: SAGE Publications, 2008).
[5] R. Campbell, C. R. Martin, and B. Fabos, Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication (8th ed) (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2011).

[6] J. R. Bitner, Mass Communication: An Introduction (New Jersey: Prentice Hal Inc., 1989).

[7] E. Chinoy, Culture, Society and the Individual in Society. An introduction to Sociology (New York: London House publishers, 1987). [8] E.E. Ezewu, A social studies course for junior secondary schools (Enugu: Evans Brothers, 1985).

[9] L.M. DeFleur and E.E. Dennis, Understanding mass communication (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998).

[10] D. Buckingham, Children Talking Television: The Making of Television Literacy (London: Falmer, 1993)

Abstract: Farm-size is of an extreme interest in agriculture. This has been much debated over what may be appropriate size of the farm because the size of the operating unit, as in the case of manufacturing industries, decisively affects the income from agriculture. Even where there is no cost advantage or disadvantage for farms of various sizes, small farms will have, under usual price relationship, lower incomes and savings than large farms. Thus, the size of farms is a vital element in determining the earning capacity of the farmer as well as the efficiency of a farming unit. Hence the present study aims to analyse the Size-wise Agricultural Production Function based on entire sample of Farms in Three Revenue Mandals of Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh. Data was collected for the explanatory and explained variables with the help of survey method through personal interviews of the farmers selected through mixed sampling. Regression co-efficients are estimated to study the relationship between gross output and various factors of production. The sum of the elasticities and their statistical significance was also studied to decide the returns to scale.

Key Words: Size-wise Agricultural Production Function, Ordinary Least Squares Method, Regression Co-efficients, Human Labour, HYV Seeds.

[1] Rajvir Singh., and Patel, R.K. (1973). Returns to Scale Farm and Productivity in Meerut District. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.28, No.2, April-June, pp.43-49.
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[3] Bhatia, R.C., and Dutta, V.K. (1987). Impact of Energy use on Employment in Agriculture. Agricultural situation in India, December, pp.717-720.
[4] Reddy, A.R., and Sen, C. (2004). Technical Inefficiency in Rice Production and its Relationship with Farm-Specific Socio-Economic Characteristics. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol59, No.2, April-June, pp.259-267.
[5] Jain, W.M.H. (1985). Effects of Technological and Institutional Factors on Income Distribution in Farm Sector of Bangladesh. Economic Affairs, Vol.30, Qr.2, June, pp.129-135.
[6] Pritam Singh, (1970). Farm Size and Economic Efficiency in the Cotton Belt Area of Punjab. Economic Affairs, Vol23, No.1-2, January-February, pp.81-87.
[7] Dehnarayan Sarker., and Sudpita, De. (2004). High Technical Efficiency of Farms in two Different Agricultural Lands: A Study under Determine Production Frontier Approach. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.59, No.2, April-June.
[8] Srinivasa Gowda, M.V., Basavaraj Bankar., Basvaraj, K., and Hugar, L.B. (1988). Productivity Difference between Small and Large Farms – An Econometric Evidence. Agricultural Situation in India, January, pp.903-906.
[9] Chaudhari, T.P.S., et al. (1962). Optimum combination of comparative crops in the intensive cultivation scheme area Delhi. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.17, No.1.
[10] Reddy, A.R., and Sen, C. (2004). Technical Inefficiency in Rice Production and its relationship with Farm – Specific Socio-Economic Characteristics. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 59, No.2, April-June, pp.259-267.

Abstract: This study examines the processes of migration decision-making and the livelihood vulnerability that rural farm households face in Nigeria. It focuses on the socio-economic and environmental factors such as how vulnerability at the household level interacts with the decision to migrate some members of the households to other destination using secondary data sources and the concept of household assets characteristics in explaining the link between livelihood vulnerability and migration decisions among rural households in Nigeria. The study argued that household assets mediate between the vulnerability that households experience and their decision to embark on migration as an alternative livelihood strategy and contrary to some findings, the study submitted that migration as a livelihood strategy of households is mainly used as an ex-ante risk management strategy-accumulation of assets rather than as an ex-post coping strategy to deal with stress or shocks confronting households.

Key Words: Livelihood; Vulnerability; Migration; Rural Households; Nigeria

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