IOSR-JHSS   Volume14 ~ Issue-4 ~ Sep-Oct-2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Growth of the Public Expenditures in India and its impact on the Deficits
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Jasneet Kaur Wadhwa
	:	10.9790/1959-1440113

Abstract: Before independence the British government in India was interested primarily in the civil administration and defence of the country. Therefore, a large part of the expenditures of the government was incurred on these services. Things have changed since independence. The Total Expenditures have increased rapidly because of increasing participation of the government in economic activities. The structure of the government Expenditures since the Eighties has been mainly influenced by a change in role of the government in the growth process, financing pattern of the deficits and the need for fiscal consolidation. Increasing expenditures of the government have led to an increase in the deficits of the government. Immediate response to economic crisis in 1991 was that of Expenditures compression because it was not easy to mobilize revenues. Fiscal consolidation was brought about by reducing the public expenditures and since then there has been a shift away from Plan Expenditures accompanied by a reduction in Development and Capital Expenditures.

Keywords – Deficits, Expenditure Reforms, India, Public Expenditures.

[1] India: Fiscal reforms and public Expenditures management, JBIC Research Paper No. 11, Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), March 2001.

[2] Kumar, Rajiv and Alamuru Soumya. 2010, Fiscal Policy Issues for India after the Global Financial Crisis (2008-2010). Asian Development Bank Institute, Working Paper No. 249

[3] M. Govinda Rao, The fiscal situation and a reform agenda for the new government, Economic and Political Weekly, volume 44, no.25, June 20, 2009.

[4] M. Govinda Rao, Sen T.K. and Ghosh, M., Uneven Growth of Government Expenditure in India: An Analysis of the Trends between 1974-75 and 1990-91, Journal of Indian School of Political Economy, No.7, 1995.

[5] Nirvikar Singh T. N. Srinivasan, Fiscal Policy in India: Lessons and Priorities, February 17, 2004, NIPFP-IMF conference paper on Fiscal Policy in India January, 2004.

[6] Web resources: -www.rbi.org.in. - Indian public finance statistics, GOI, ministry of finance, 2011-12.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Class in the Assamese Film Sandhyarag (1977): An Analysis
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Minakshi Dutta, Rana Sharma
	:	10.9790/1959-1441420

Abstract: Cinema represents a particular class of people with its composition. Thus it helps in the process of naturalization of the existing class differences of society. Assamese film director Dr. Bhabendra Nath Saikia's debut film Sandhyarag(1988) is a systematic documentation of the two existing classes of post- colonial Assamese society- urban middle class and working class. It demonstrates the enduring class difference and exploitation in a coherent manner. How the middle class becomes the reason behind the creation of working class is the main theme of the movie. This paper is an attempt to analyze the way of the director in dealing the above mentioned issues both in cinematic and narrative composition of the film Sandhyarag.

Key Words: Assamese Cinema, Middle Class, Working Class, Post-colonial Assamese Society

[1] Banerjee, Swapna M. "Down Memory Lane: Representation of Domestic Workers in Middle Class Personal Narratives of Colonial Bengal". Journal of Social History:37(2004)
[2] Baviskar, Amita and Raka Ray (Ed) (2011) Elite and Everyman: The Cultural Politics of the Indian Middle Classes. Routledge . NewYork
[3] Borpujari, Manoj and Dr. Garima Kalita.(2007) Perspectives On Cinema Of Assam. Gauhati Cine Club. Guwahati
[4] Chadha, Neha " The Middle Class: Consuming and Consumed the Romance of Bombay Cinema" Journal of Moving Image (2006):1-4
[5] Dwyer, Rachel (2011) "Zara hatke!: The New Middle -Classes and the Segmentation of Hindi Cinema.in Donner, Henrike, (ed.), A Way of Life: Being Middle –Class in Contemporary India London:Routledge. Pp184-208.
[6] Fernandes, Leela (2006) Indian middle Class: Democratic Politics in an era of Economic Reform. University of Minnesota
[7] Ganguli, Ruchira and Scrase, Paradoxes of Globalization, Liberalization, and Gender Equality: The Worldviews of the Lower Middle Class in West Bengal, India, "Gender and Society" 17(2003): 544-566, Accessed 23/05/2012
[8] Gohain, Dr. Hiren " Origin of the Assamese Middle Class" Social Scientist.2.1 (1973):1-26
[9] Guha, Amalendu and Arvind N. Das "Origins of the Assamese Middle Class: A comment" Social Scientist 4.67 (1974):59-66
[10] Hayward, Susan (2000) Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. 2nd Ed. London: Routledge

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	(Un) Intelligibility in EIL Pronunciation: An Analysis
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Rabeya Binte Habib
	:	10.9790/1959-1442126

Abstract: Pronunciation, despite being an obviously important component of speech and anticipated communication, seems to enjoy little or no room in the policy and practice in Bangladesh. This study, therefore, aimed at exploring the issues of teaching oral proficiency specifically pronunciation at the HSC level in Bangladesh. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether students at college level encounter problems in English pronunciation. The present study also aims to unearth reasons working behind the negligence toward pronunciation. To do so, students were interviewed with the Reading Survey focusing on problematic utterance in terms of sound and orthography for Bangladeshi learners as suggested by some previous studies. The findings show that pronunciation teaching is inadequate in policy and practice. Finally possible remedial measure for integrating pronunciation with other skills with the help of a Balanced Approach to teaching pronunciation and same inquiries in other setting were recommended.

Keywords- IPA, EIL, WE & EFL, ELF, Intelligibility, comprehensibility and accentedness

[1]. Levis, J. M. & Grant, L. (2003). Integrating Pronunciation into ESL/EFL Classrooms, TESOL Journal,12,2:13-29
[2]. Akter, Z. (2006). Redefining ‗Communicative Competence' in Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Bangladesh, Harvest: Jahangirnagar studies in language and literature, 21:13-22.
[3]. Akter, Z. (2007). Teaching Pronunciation: Does it matter? MET, 16, 3:36-38.
[4]. Morley, J. (1991). The Pronunciation Component to the Speakers of Other Languages, TESOL Quarterly, 25:481-520
[5]. Hismanoglu (2006). Current perspectives on pronunciation learning and teaching, Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 2:1:101-110
[6]. Fraser, H. (2000) Coordinating Improvements in Pronunciation Teaching for Adult learners of English as a Second Language. Canberra: DETYA
[7]. Gelvanovsky (2002). Effective pronunciation teaching: principles, factors, and teachability. In P.V. Sysoyev (Ed.). Identity, Culture and Language Teaching. USA: CREEES.
[8]. Setter, J. (2008). Theories and approaches in English pronunciation. In Monroy, R. and Sánchez, A. (eds.), -25 Years of Applied Linguistics in Spain: Milestones and challenges. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia de Publications. pp. 447-457
[9]. Setter & Jenkins (2005). Pronunciation. State-of-the Art Article. Language Teaching: 38:1.
[10]. Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton D. M. & Goodwin J. M. (1996) Teaching Pronunciation. A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge: CUP

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Status of Female Workers in Construction Industry in India: A Review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Kalpana devi, U. V. Kiran
	:	10.9790/1959-1442730

Abstract: Construction industry provides job opportunity to large number of skilled as well as unskilled workforce. The workforces employed in the industry have to face several difficulties at the work place. Several issues related to health, job stress, and injuries at work place are the major concern of the research among researchers. The present study is review of past research work related to the women work force employed in construction industry in India. The major focus of the study is to identify the key factors related to the status of female worker in the industry. Women work as unskilled labour and face several other difficulties in comparison to males. Sexual harassment, gender biasness, wage discrimination are the major factor due to which the working environment becomes difficult for them in the industry and women's are remains at same level of skill even after working few number of years .

Keywords: Construction industry, health, injuries, job stress.

[1]. Aadya and Kiran, U.V. (2013), Occupational Stress of Women Workers in Unorganized Sector, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 4(3),3-13.
[2]. Bharara, K., Sandhu, P., and Sidhu, M. (2012). Issues of Occupational Health and Injuries among Unskilled Female Labourers in Construction Industry: A Scenario of Punjab State.
[3]. Das, D. K. (1985). Sex Discrimination against Female Workers in Unorganized Sector, Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 21(2), 232-244.
[4]. Girija, R. and Geetha, R. et al.)(1989). Socio-Economic Conditions of Construction Workers in Tamil Nadu, Report submitted to ICSSR,(Mimeo).
[5]. Kumari, N and Kiran, U.V.(2012). Occupational profile of child labour in Chikankari Industry, Advanced Research Journal of Social Science, 44 (4), 247-250.
[6]. Madhok, S. (2005). Report on the status of women workers in the construction industry National commission for women New Delhi.
[7]. Reddy, D. N. (1979). Female Work Participation in India: Facts, Problems, and Policies Indian Journal of Industrial Relations,15(2), 197-212.
[8]. Richard, D. L. and Gelleny, R. (2007). Women's Status and Economic Globalization, International Studies Quarterly, 51(4), 855-876.
[9]. Rai, A. and Sarkar, A. (2012). Workplace Culture & Status of Women Construction Labourers; A case study in Kolkata, West Bengal, Indian Journal of Spatial Science 3.0(2) Winter Issue, 44 – 54.
[10]. Shivakumar, M.S., Sheng, Y.K. and Weber, K.E. (1991). Recruitment and Employment Practices in Construction Industry: A Case Study of Bangalore: Economic and Political Weekly 26 (8), M27-M40.