IOSR-JHSS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-2 ~ Jul-Aug-2013

Abstract: Alice Walker, a proponent of eco-spirituality, endeavors to usher the flourishing spirit of solidarity and Justice through little acts of earthly functions which may transform our environment and adorn the surroundings with heavenly touch of natural beauty. Earthly delights always in abundance, revel and recognize wholeness and integrity, though unfortunately it is man himself who never bothers to explore and avail the worshipful treasures of bliss on this planet. Walker as an eco-spiritualist attempts to relocate the redemptive springs of earthly clinging that evidently protects and nourishes human family without any abuse or exploitation. Keywords: Ecospirituality, Vedanta, Christianity, Ethos

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[4]. Walker, Alice. Anything We Love Can Be Saved: A Writer's Activism. New York: Random House 1997. Cited hereafter as ALS. Print
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Abstract: This paper seeks to investigate the impact of refugees on conflict in Africa and in the process posits that a refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence. A refuge has a well founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. Most likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to do so. War and ethnic, tribal and religious violence are leading causes refugees fleeing their countries-may trigger conflicts between sending and receiving states. This paper asset that both refugee-sending states and refugee-receiving states are more likely to initiate militarized disputes against the other. More generally, it contributes to a broader research agenda which examine the mutually reinforcing relationship between conflict within and between states. Often, the issues and actors in civil wars span national boundaries and become part of a regional security dynamic, blurring firm distinctions between domestic and international politics. Other challenges of refugee including culture shock, crime and criminality as well as health challenges emanating from refugee are also looked at. Key Words: Refugees, Conflict, Security, Host country,Border, War, Asylum, Spill-over effect, Migration, Communities.

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[2]. Andreas, Peter (2003); Redrawing the Line: Borders and Security in the Twenty First Century, International Security 28 (2):78-1 11.
[3]. Article 2 of the 1951 UN Convention relating to the status of Refugees.
[4]. Bapat, Navin (2006); State Bargaining with Transnational Terrorist Groups. International Studies Quarterly, 50(1):213-230
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[7]. Cortes, Kalena (2004); Are Refugees different from Economic Immigrant? Some Empirical Evidence on the Heterogeneity of Immigrant Groups in the United States. Review of Economics and Statistics. 86(2): 465-480.
[8]. Crisp, Jeff (2000) New issues in Refugee Research. Africa‟s Refugee: Patterns, Problems and Policy Challenges: Working Paper No.28 UNHCR CH.IZ1, Geneva.
[9]. Davenport, Christian, Will H. Moore and Stephen Poe (2003);
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Abstract: There is no mincing of words that Nigeria is a disorganized society with very weak ineffective institutional (police, church and family) control .The economy is comatose. In a society, such as this, it is inevitable that they will be a high rate of unemployment, especially among the youth and women who are the weakest among the weak. In such society too, it is not unexpected that there would be widespread development of a negative and rebellious culture such as cultism, crime, prostitution, and other deviant behaviors. Indeed due to the high level of unemployment in the country, most parent and guardian device various illegitimate means of meeting their ends by including in trafficking in person. Young women are adolescent, who are promised lucrative job abroad usually, fined them being turn into prostitute on arrival. Within the country itself, women face discrimination in different area of Endeavour as well as battering from their husband. the paper is an exposition of this menace. It highlights the lost as well as the roles of women and youth in the economy development of Nigeria.

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[9]. United Nation (1996) Nigeria Human Development Report, Lagos: UNDP

Abstract: The 1980 witnessed public sector reforms in third world countries in cognizance with global trends, done principally to re-align the economies of these countries on the path of recovery. Prior to the reforms, the economies of some of the countries were at the verge of collapse. In Africa especially countries that embraced public sector reforms did so wholesomely in line with International Monetary Fund and World Bank conditionalities. Generally the reforms did not produce the expected results. This has been largely attributed to faulty premise on which the reform programmes were anchored, lack of political will by leaders of these countries, lack of transparency in the implementation of the reform programmes, failure to clearly identify and articulate domestic imperatives vis-à-vis response to global necessities. For public sector reform to achieve desired results required getting the basic right.

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