IOSR-JHSS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-5 ~ Jul-Aug-2013

Abstract: This paper reviews the 2013 National Budget for Zimbabwe that was presented in Parliament on 15 November 2012. The authors interrogate the extent to which the budget as a policy instrument fosters the developmental agenda. Selected key areas of human development are reviewed. Although estimates of expenditure are a reflection of the national economic policy direction, the current paper shall dwell much on the policy prescription of the budget in the light of scarce resources available in an economy still recovering from a decade of recession. The paper has selected such areas as public sector employment, health, social protection, and agriculture and food security. It is observed that the budget represents a splendid effort to realign the economy and equitably distribute the meager resources in an economy still recovering from a decade of recession.

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Abstract: Women are considered an important human resource of the nation and every state should try to utilize them as mediators of economic growth and development. Encouragement for women entrepreneurship is one of the ways for that. But unfortunately the traditional mind set of the society and negligence of the state and respective authorities is an important obstacle for the women entrepreneurship development in India. In spite of that women of today break all those obstacles and involve themselves in various sectors and proving their excellence. Major part of national economic development is contributed by rural economy. Rural women have to be initiated to step out of home and take responsibilities in the society. Entrepreneurship is considered to be a key for women empowerment especially in rural areas and hence promotion of women entrepreneurs is focused highly by the government.There is a need of continuous attempt to inspire, encourage, motivate and co-operate women entrepreneurs, awareness programs should be conducted on a mass scale with the intention of creating awareness among women about the various areas to conduct business.This paper gives a brief idea about the importance of entrepreneurship and its influence on the empowerment of rural women. Also it throws light on constrains of rural women entrepreneurs with solutions to overcome those.

Keywords: Women, Entrepreneurship, Rural India, Problems, development

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Abstract: Illegal mining is one of the biggest problems with regard to environmental destruction and ecological disruptions. When large numbers of gem seekers and gold diggers converge on a locality and begin their environmentally hostile mining activities in an uncontrollable manner, they cause untold destruction to mother earth, which is often accompanied by pollution of the soil and rivers (with mercury and cyanide in the case of gold diggers). Legal measures have proved totally inappropriate as a means of control, because the form of mining involved requires very little equipment that are highly mobile, hence providing them good chances of evading control. Moreover, supervision becomes nearly impossible when large numbers of such people converge on an area and are willing to use force in defense of their interests. Consequently, damage to the physical and biological environment is accompanied by pronounced social tensions between the various interest groups. This paper presents a critical analysis of illegal mining activities, their environmental effect and remedial measures.

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