IOSR-JHSS   Volume-12 ~ Issue-4 ~ Jul-Aug-2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Study of the Persistence of Individuality in Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Diganta Borgohain
	:	10.9790/0837-1240105

Abstract: "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" is a striking one among Hardy's novels for its delineation of the notion of individuality or strong individual character. The social setting and the tragic happenings which occur therein in the novel are the grounds against the backdrop of which the narrative of the birth and development of an individual self takes place. However, the protagonists or the characters' bouts of suffering and sacrifice, incidentally, lead them to seek for themselves choices and self-knowledge that in turn would guarantee the functionalist state of a society and social solidarity among the members of the society. In other words, the strong sense of individuality as gained by the protagonists and as occasioned by their tragic sufferings in the novel is only meant to be lost for the cause of the order of the existing society of the period. This paper would make an attempt to explore the reasons and the factors which go into making such a scheme or a pattern in the novel.

Keywords: functionalist state of the society, individuality, self, social solidarity

[1]. John White, Conceptions of Individuality, British Journal of Educational Studies, xxviii(3), 1980.
[2]. J.S.Mill, On Liberty, Utilitarianism, Liberty and Considerations on Representative Government (London: Everyman edition, 1972), p.15.
[3]. Conceptions of Individuality, p.175
[4]. Marcia Bressler Buck, The Effect of Individualism On the American Personality, Lambda Alpha Journal On Man, 9(1), 1978.
[5]. http://science.jrank.org/pages/9786/Individualism-Individualism-Modern-Society.html [6]. "Transvaluation of all values‟ or "the revaluation of all values‟ is a concept developed by Nietzsche in his book Antichrist. He elaborates the concept in this book saying that Christianity, not merely as a religion but also as the predominant moral system of the Western world, inverts nature and is hostile to life. Furthermore, he says that Christianity elevates the weak over the strong, and is always in favour of exalting that which is ill-constituted and weak at the expense of that which is full of life and vitality.
[7]. Ibid.
[8]. George Sorel in his book Reflections on Violence suggests the idea that conflict prevents the ossification of the social system by exerting pressure for innovation and creativity. Sorel‟s call to action was mainly addressed to the working class, yet he opines that it holds true to be of general importance for the total social system.
[9]. John Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct (New York: Modern Library, 1930)
[10]. Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Ed. by Angeli Multani (Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd, 2006), p.82

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Assessment of Traffic Delay Problems and Characteristics at Urban Road Intersections: A Case Study of Ilorin, Nigeria.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Tolu Isaac Atomode
	:	10.9790/0837-1240616

Abstract: Traffic delay problems are manifesting in many of the major urban centres in Nigeria. The paper examined traffic delay problem and its causes at selected road intersections in Ilorin, Nigeria. The characteristics of the intersections that predispose them to delay problem and the spatial pattern of traffic delay at the road intersections were also identified. In addition, traffic volume and delay characteristics were estimated. Data were collected through direct field surveys on intersection characteristics, traffic volume, composition, delay causes and land use activities. The analysis of data collected revealed that variations exist in traffic flows and delays at the studied intersections. Also, traffic delays are discovered to be associated with the traffic volumes at the various junctions which ultimately translate to traffic congestion. Furthermore, traffic wardens and parking problems were found to be the greatest causes of delays at the road intersections in the city. The study therefore recommends that the road intersections be signalized and vehicle parking be strictly prohibited to reduce traffic congestion and delays at road intersections in the city.

Keywords: Land Use, Road Intersections, Traffic Congestion, Traffic Delay, Traffic Volume.

[1] Weiping, H., and Chi, W. (2010): Urban Road Network Accessibility Evaluation Method Based on GIS Spatial Analysis Techniques. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. 38, Part II.

[2] Aderamo, A. J. (2003): A Graph Theoretical Analysis of Intra-Urban Road Network in Ilorin, Nigeria. Research for Development. 17 (1 & 2) and 18 (1 & 2).

[3] Adedimila, S. A. (1981): Towards Improving Traffic Flow in Lagos. In Onokomaiya and Ekanem (Ed), Transportation in Nigeria National Development. NISER, Ibadan.

[4] Tillotson, H. T. (1981): The Concept of Delay. Transport, 20 (4).

[5] Mchsane, W. R, Roess, P. R, Prassas, E. D. (1998): Traffic Engineering, Second Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

[6] Ogden, K. W. (1991): "Truck movement and access in urban areas". Journal of Transportation Engineering, 117 (1).

[7] Ogunsanya, A. A. (1983): Contribution of Freight Vehicles to Urban Traffic Delays: The Case of Lagos, Nigeria. The Nigerian Geographical Journal, 26 (1&2)

[8] Ogunsanya, A. A. (1984): Traffic Congestion in an Urban Centre: The Case of Ilorin, Nigeria. The Nigerian Geographical Journal, 27 (1&2).

[9] O‟Flaherty, C. A (1974): Highway and Traffic, Second Edition. London: Edward Arnold Publisher Ltd.

[10] Smith, M. J. (1982): Junction Interactions and Monotonicity in Traffic Assignment. Transport Research, 16B (1).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Can Descartes Be Called a Perfect Dualist?
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shanjendu Nath
	:	10.9790/0837-1241721

Abstract: Dualism occupies an important place in the history of philosophy. In modern philosophy Descartes is called a most significant dualist philosopher as he believes the existence of two entities - mind and matter. According to him, a human being is some kind of union of two distinct things: a soul or mind and a body. He believes that body is a part of mechanical nature whereas mind is a pure thinking substance and it is spiritual in nature. These two substances have antagonistic characteristics but there is interaction with each other. His concept of mind and body is derived from his theory of substance. He believes the reality of three substances, viz., mind, body and God. Out of these three substances mind and body are called by him as dependent substances and God is the only independent substance. I think this concept of three substances vitiate his theory of dualism. Moreover, he believes the reality of many souls which also contradicts his theory of dualism. Thus in this paper I will try to delineate the ground for which he is claimed to be a dualist and also try to show grounds for which this claim is not justified. And finally, I will try to show that he is not a perfect dualist. His philosophy can correctly be called a blend of dualism, trialism and pluralism.

Key Words: Mind, Matter, Substance, Dualism, Trialism, Pluralism.

[1] Beakley. B. and Ludlow. P, (ed), The Philosophy of Mind, Classical Problems/ Contemporary Issues, New Delhi, 2007.

[2] Beck. L.J, The Method of Descartes, Oxford, 1952.

[3] Benarjee. N.V, Kant‟s Philosophy of Self, Arnold-Heinemann Publishers (India) p (Ltd), 1974.

[4] Block. N. (ed), Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology, Vol. 1, Cambridge, M.A Harvard University, 1980

[5] Broad. C.D, The Mind and Its Place in Nature, London, 1962.

[6] Bunge. Mario, Matter and Mind , A Philosophical Inquiry, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science , London, New York, 2010. [7] Castle. A, The Self in Philosophy, London, 1965.

[8] Churchland. Paul, Matter and Consciousness, Revised Edition. MIT Press, 1984.

[9] Cunningham. G.W, The Problems of Philosophy, Calcutta, 1956.

[10] Doney. W. (ed.), A Collection of Critical Essays - Descartes, Macmillan, London, 1970.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Contextualizing the Emerging Issues and Dilemmas of Displaced Ecosystem People: A Case of Coal Mining Industry at Talcher, Odisha (India)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rabindra Garada
	:	10.9790/0837-1242231

Abstract: The coal mining operations adversely affect the people, society and environment in the resource rich regions of the world. These are so complicated and nerve breaking issues for the land oustees at Talcher coalfield of Odisha that after losing everything including their ecosystems many of them especially, the "ecosystem people" involuntarily pushed out of their hearth and home by coal mining industries in late 1980s, have been surviving like refugees in their own localities. In the process of their transition from subsistence economy to market economy over the years, though many of them are found to have increased money incomes and increased consumerism, they have been increasingly getting trapped into the complex of their deterministic dilemmas/dualism in and around the coal mining industries. In the process of mining activities they have not just got affected, but also have remarkably changed themselves experiencing the decades of their post-displacement trauma. In the changing circumstances, to what extent the land oustees can maintain their earlier status of "ecosystem people" is an important ecological question. In this paper, on the basis of primary and secondary data, we have attempted to understand the contextual issues/dilemmas of "displaced ecosystem people" at Talcher coalfield. Keywords: Coal Mining Industry, Displacement, Displaced Ecosystem People, Ecosystem People, Land Oustee

[1] S.Deshkukh, Socio-Economic Study of The Peoples established in Three Steel Plant in India, The Journal of Social Science Researcher, V. II No III, 2013,12-23
[2] R.Meher, The Social and Ecological Effects of industrialization in a Tribal Region: The Case of Rourkela Steel Plant, Contributions to Indian Sociology (n.s.) 37(3), 2003, 429-57.
[3] R.Meher, Impact of Economic Liberalisation on the Backward States and Weaker Sections of Population in India, The Fourth World, No 14, 2001, 58-86.
[4] R.Meher, Globalization, Displacement and the Livelihood Issues of Tribal and Agriculture Dependent Poor People: The Case of Mineral-based Industries in India, Journal of Developing Societies, 25, 2009, 457-480.
[5] R.Meher, How Mineral-based Industrial Development Marginalizes and Displaces People in India: Three Case Studies, (Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2010).
[6] M.Gadgil and R.Guha, Ecology and Equity- The Use and Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India, (New Delhi: Routlege and Penguin Books India, 1995).
[7] T.K. Oommen, Coping with Development Pathologies: Resistance to Displacement, Sociological Bulletin, 55(2), 2006, 267- 80.
[8] T.K. Oommen, Development Discourse: Issues and Concerns, (New Delhi: Regency Publications, 2004).
[9] R. Garada, Development and Underdevelopment in Orissa: A Sociological Study, M.Phil diss., Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1995.