IOSR-JHSS   Volume-11 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-Jun-2013

Abstract: In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the patterns and determinants of crop diversification in Jammu and Kashmir agriculture. Entropy index has been applied to explore the extent of diversification or specialization across crops and districts. Entropy indices of diversification and Gross Cropped Area (GCA) under non-foodgrains were regressed on different explanatory variables. The study revealed that the crop sector of Jammu and Kashmir agriculture at an aggregate level is gradually diversifying in favour of high-value crops. However, while analyzing the extent of diversification at regional level, the Jammu division is witnessing a specialization in foodgrain crops, whileas Kashmir division depicting a trend towards diversification.Further, an analysis of determinants that facilitated the process of crop diversification revealed all the factors considered under study have significantly affected crop diversification in the state, except fertilizer consumption.

Keywords – Foodgrains, Diversification, Specialization, Entropy Index, Jammu and Kashmir

[1] P.L. Pingali, and M.W. Rosegrant, Agricultural commercialization and diversification: Processes and policies, Food Policy,Vol. 20, 1995, 171-186.

[2] R. Chand, Diversification through High Value Crops in Western Himalayan Region: Evidence from Himachal Pradesh, Indian Journalof Agricultural Economics, Vol. 41(4), 1996, 432-441.

[3] P.K. Joshi, A. Gulati, P.S. Birthal, and L. Tewari, Agricultural Diversification in South Asia: Patterns, Determinants and Policy Implications, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.39, 2004, 12-18.

[4] D.Jha, Rapporteur's Report on Diversification of Agriculture and Food Security in the Context of New Economic Policy, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics Vol. 51, 1996,829-832.

[5] S.D. Swant, and C.V.Achuthan, Agricultural Growth across Crops and Regions: Emerging Trends and Patterns, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 30. 1995, 17-25.

[6] V.S.Vyas,Diversification in Agriculture: Concepts, Rationale and Approaches,Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 51, 1996, 430-441.

Abstract: This article is about the projection translation process from the Batak Toba language into English. The main problem explored is the application of heuristic translation strategy to achieve the functional equivalence. The strategy depends on the systemic functional grammar theories which is considered as the power house of the meaning creation of language and the bottom-up approach for the meaning analysis when two grammatical aspects go up to a higher level in a text. The research is subject to three concurrent activities in the transfer process of projection samples quoted from the transcription of the Batak Toba traditional wedding speeches as the source text into English as the target text. The findings indicate that heuristic translation strategy can meaningfully transfer all of the projection samples from the source text into the target text.

Keywords: Batak Toba traditional wedding speech, bottom-up approach, functional equivalence, heuristic translation strategy, systemic functional grammar, projection.

[1] Sanggam Siahaan, Batak Pragmatics: Communicating Intentions (Singapore: Singapore International Press, 2012).
[2] Bungaran Antonius Simanjuntak, Konflik status dan kekuasaan orang batak toba Jurnal Antropologi Sumatera Universitas Negeri Medan, 1 (2), 2005, 142-154.
[3] T.M. Sihombing, Jambar hata: dongan to ulaon adat (Pematangsiantar: CV. Tulus Jaya, 1989).
[4] W.M. Hutagalung, Pustaha batak: tarombo dohot turiturian ni bangso batak (Pematangsiantar: CV. Tulus Jaya, 1991).
[5] Roger T. Bell, Translation and translating: theory and practice (Longman, London: Newmark, 1991).
[6] Marina Manfredi, Translating text: translation studies and systemic functional linguistics (Bologna: Dupress, 2008).
[7] M.A.K. Halliday, Functional grammar. 2nd edition (London: Edward Arnold, 1994).
[8] J.C. Catford, A linguistic theory of translation (London: Prentice Hall, 1965).
[9] Julianne House, How do we know when a translation is good? (Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2001).
[10] M.R.M. Cowie Shuttleworth, Dictionary of translation studies (Manchester: St. Jerome, 1997).

Abstract: The study empirically examine the impact of the Nigerian Stock Exchange on economic growth from 1980-2011. The period was considered appropriate for the study in view of the challenges of building a strong financial base for the economy for long term investment that stimulate economic growth and development of Nigeria. Over the years, Nigeria capital market has developed in a more reliable market in terms of accessibility of funds. Also, the capital market form the basis in which assets and other near money such as shares and bonds can be easily converted into cash. For the purpose of this work, data were sourced from the Central Bank Statistical Bulletin; on various issues (1980-2011).The study revealed that Nigerian Stock Market has experienced a tremendous expansion when compared with what it used to be in recent years. This expansion cut across the volume of traded shares and other securities which runs into Millions of Naira. The result further revealed that with the provision of a place for the exchange of securities, the Nigerian Stock Exchange helped in the mobilization and allocation of capital resources among numerous competing alternative used in the stock exchange. The exchange provides sufficient liquidity for investors or group of investors who wish to invest their money. Also, Nigerian Stock Exchange encourages more sufficient allocation of wealth. This assertion was made possible as a result of the authentication of the variables such as GDP, GCF, ASI MCAP, EXCHR used in carrying out the work through the use of econometrics tools of ordinary least square (OLS) analyses and other econometrics test such as stationarity test, cointegration test ,over-parameterized error correction test, parsimonious error correction test. Therefore, the government through her regulatory agencies be prudent in the management of exchange rate to ensure that the Nigerian Stock Exchange will be more efficient. The government should try to; establish a unit trust, give incentives to demand for listed securities, privatization of government owned business, development of analyst services and processing of new security.

Keywords: Stock Exchange, Econometric, Co integration, Error correction Economic Growth, Nigeria.

[1]. Arestis,Demetriades & Luintel (2001). Financial Development and Economic Growth: The role of Stock market. Journal of money, credit and banking. 33(1):16
[2]. Fama E.F (1976). Efficient Capital Market. Review of Theory and Empirical Work. Journal of Finance Chapter 25:383-417.
[3]. Harris, Richard D.F (1997). Stock market and development: A re-assessment. European Economic Review, Elsevier, Vol. 41(1):139-146
[4]. Mohtadi & Agarwal(2008). Does Stock market development raise Economic growth? Evidence from Nigeria. Review of finance and banking. Vol.1 issue 1: 26-36
[5]. Nourzad (2002) Financial development and productive efficiency: A panel study of developed and developing countries. Journal of Economics and finance Vol. 26 no.2:123-134
[6]. Robert Barro (1990) Stock market and investment. NEER working paper series, working paper no. 2925. National Bureau of Economic Research 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, April.
[7]. Rose Levine & Sara Zervos (1996) Stock market development and long run growth. Policy Research working paper 1582. The World Bank policy Research department. Finance and private sector development division, March.
[8]. Rousseau, P.L.& Wachtel P. (2000) Efficiency markets and growth: Cross country evidence on timing and outcomes 1980-1995. Journal of Banking and finance. Elsevier Vol. 24(12):1933-1957.
[9]. Seyyed A.P. Oskooe (2012) Emerging Stock market Efficiency, nonlinearity and Episodic Dependence Evidence from Iran Stock market. Journal of Basic and applied scientific research 2(11):11370-11380

Abstract: Modernism is a movement which aims at defying the established norms and conventions. It challenges the coherence and harmony in the structure of the literary works. Modern drama departs from such conventionality of the well-made plays of the classics and other realistic dramas. Harold Pinter's Betrayal is one such play of the modern theatre. Pinter narrates a story of betrayal in an unconventional way. Harold Pinter shows that men are betrayed not only by men, but by time. Such betrayal is a recurring theme in the play. The paper is an attempt to explain how the truth about its characters is approached by reversing the chronological order in which their actions are viewed. Recollection of events on the basis of memory leads one to recall them retrospectively in a non-chronological order. The paper further highlights how the play is a rendering of the author's memory.

Keywords- Absurdism, betrayal, chronology, memory, time

[1] Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary of Literary Terms. Sixth Edition. Bangalore: Prism Books, 1993.

[2] Vassilopoulou, Katerina. "Possible worlds in the theatre of the absurd." Lancaster University Post Graduate Conference in Linguistics and Language Teaching. Vol. 1. Costas Gabrielatos, Richard Slessor and J.W.Unger ed. Lancaster: Lancaster University, 2007.

[3] Pinter, Harold. Betrayal. London: Faber and Faber, 1978.