IOSR-JHSS   Volume-10 ~ Issue-6 ~ May-Jun-2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Nigeria's Development Objectives in Time Perspective: Issues of Structural Constraints.
Country	:	Nigeria.
Authors	:	Edame, Greg Ekpung, Anam, Bassey Ekpenyong, Eneji Rapheal Oko
	:	10.9790/0837-1060107

Abstract: Issues on economic development have been central in most developing economics of the world, which Nigeria is not exceptional. In the 1960s, the term "development" was equated with one form of economic development, which concentrated on industrial development and measured success only in terms of growth in Gross National Product (GNP) The choice is not between "economic‟ and "social‟ development. Economic development is central to qualitative changes in poor people‟s life. It is far more comprehensive. It includes not only economic growth but implies progressive changes in the socio-economic structures of a country which contributes to better living standard of their inhabitants The average growth rate of real GDP, which was 5.9 per cent in the period 1960-70, rose to 8.0 per cent in 1971 – 73. The Nigerian economy expanded rapidly, as oil production and export rose phenomenally. Thus, annual GDP grew from a negative 0.6 per cent in 1987 to 13.0 per cent in 1990. However, the average growth rate of real GDP dropped to 1.9 per cent during 1991 – 1998. This was in spite of the favourable developments in the agricultural and services sub-sectors of the economy. Real GDP growth rate rebounded to 8.3 per cent during the period 1999 – 2007, reflecting improved economic policy of NEEDS era. Despite the decline in real GDP growth rate to 6.3 per cent in the period 2008 – 2009, the major drivers remained agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, and services sectors. Indeed, the last decade has been a period of rebirth as affirmed by almost all macroeconomic indicators. But the growth rate has not been high enough to push down the poverty profile. Keywords: Agriculture, Export, Economic development, Industries, Macroeconomic, Gross National Product, Gross Domestic Product.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Reasoning Ability in Science of Secondary School Students In Relation To Some Personal Variables
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Savita Mishra
	:	10.9790/0837-1060813

Abstract: Science education has become a priority subject area in the present generations and it has a worldwide significance. It has brought about revolutionary changes in every walk of our lives. It has been a compulsory subject from the primary to the higher levels in all over the world. Therefore the priority research area in the school education system has been research in science education. The present study is a sincere attempt of the investigator to assess reasoning ability in science of secondary school students in relation to some personal variables. Reasoning ability in science according to Joshi and Mahapatra (1994) has been categorized as follows; inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, analogy as reasoning, abstract reasoning, axiomatic reasoning, eclectic reasoning, syllogistic reasoning and classification as reasoning. The mental exercise or the power of mind to deduce inferences from premises concerning all information of sciences to argue, to examine, to think out, to bring by rationale is called scientific reasoning. Scientific reasoning refers to "the mental exercise of inferring relationships among facts and phenomena having scientific basis, evaluating evidences and coming to a conclusion",

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of Active & Passive Warming Up On Motor Performance of the Athletes
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Subhabrata Kar, Prof. Alok K. Banerjee
	:	10.9790/0837-1061421

Abstract: Introduction: Participating in some form of a warming up prior to engaging in physical activity is considered an acceptable and valid practice. Nonetheless, the topic has been debated among those in the sport and physical education field for a number of years. The present study was framed to find out the influence of various types active and passive of warming up methods on trained and untrained subjects.

Key Words: Warming-up, Active and Passive WU, Motor Performance, Trained and Untrained.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Back Problems Due To Heavy Backpacks in School Children
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Avantika Rai, Shalini Agarawal
	:	10.9790/0837-1062226

Abstract: Students and backpacks are a common sight today. Backpacks come in all sizes, colors, fabrics, and shapes and help children's of all ages express their own personal sense of style. Many packs feature multiple compartments that help students stay organized while they carry their books and papers from home to school and back again. Backpacks are, though, they can strain muscles and joints and may cause back pain if they're too heavy or are used incorrectly. Many students carry school backpacks that exceed 10 percent to 15 percent of their body weight, which puts them at risk for back pain and related disorders. Improper backpack use can also lead to poor posture. Girls and younger kids may be especially at risk for backpack-related injuries because they're smaller and may carry loads that are heavier in proportion to their body weight. Carrying backpacks increases the risk of back pain and possibly the risk of back pathology. The prevalence of school children carrying heavy backpacks is extremely high. The daily physical stresses associated with carrying backpacks cause significant forward lean of the head and trunk. It is assumed that daily intermittent abnormal postural adaptations could result in pain and disability in school going children. American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) and the America Academy of Pediatrics advise that students should carry no more than 15% or 10-20% of their bodyweight.

Key Words- Backpack, back pain, children, prevalence, posture

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