IOSR-JHSS   Volume-10 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-Jun-2013

Abstract: Development always demands displacement as well as compromising the quality of environment. There is no doubt that the Vallarpadam Container Transshipment Terminal is a boost to Kerala economy as well as for the country's international trade scenario. But this project has done an irrevocable damage to our coastal areas where Pokkali indigenous organic rice cum prawn culture was practiced. The Pokkali-Prawn rotational culture system plays a very important role in maintaining the environmental quality as well as protecting our rich ecosystem. Due to this development project lot of people were displaced and hectares of wetlands were converted. The people who are displaced they not only lost their land but also their livelihood. The people who were traditionally practising Pokkali cultivation were generally unskilled and they are not able to move to any other occupation for meeting their ends. The damage done in the name of development to the environment as well as to the people is to be discussed seriously.

Keywords – Environment, Development, Displacement, Pokkali,Wetlands

[1]. Jayan P R, Nithya Sathyanathan, Overview of farming practices in the water-logged areas of Kerala, India, International Journal of Agriculture & Biological Enggineering, Vol. 3 No.4, 2010.

[2]. Allison, E. H. and Ellis, F. 2001. The Livelihood Approach and Management of Small-scale Fisheries. Marine policy 25: 377-388.

Abstract: The emergence of language as the sole basis of national identity is relatively new phenomenon. It appeared as a force to wreck with only in the post-colonial period in South Asia. This is nowhere more prominent then the new nation of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has transcended the barrier of religion and used language as its unifying force. Bangladesh was the earliest East Pakistan of the state of Pakistan. As is known Pakistan was created to satisfy the political aspiration of the Muslim minorities of India. East Pakistan was an integral part of that Pakistan which was created on the basis of religion. But Bangladesh overcame that religious affiliation and unified the people of East Pakistan on the basis of language to start a liberation struggle which ultimately succeeded in the creation of the new nation state of Bangladesh. Although language has always been an integral part of national identity to marked the beginning of a new era of linguistic nationalism. But Bangladesh was not the single example of the emergence of linguistic nationalism. There were parallel instances where language manifested itself in terms of movement and martyrdom. The two cases we have cited here are of Cachar in Assam and Manbhum in Bihar.

Keywords- Bangladesh, Cachar , language, liberation struggle and Manbhum.

[1]. The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 9th edition, Oxford university press Delhi edition, 1996
[2]. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_language&oldid=517421623
[3]. Santanu Sarkar, Adhipatya O Bangla Bhasha, (Hegemony and Bangla Language), in Bengali, Occasional paper no.6, Department of Bengali, Assam University, Silchar, 2007
[4]. Prakash Karat Language and Nationality Politics (Orient Longman, Hyderabad)
[5]. J V Stalin, Marxism and National Question, in Selections from Lenin and Stalin on National Colonial Questions, Calcutta, 1972
[6]. Koffi Annan‟s Letter announcing the celebration of 21st February as mother tongue day
[7]. Jagannath Chakraborty, Lexicon and Linguistics of Dialectical Language of Barak Valley, Language and Cultural Academy Assam, Halflong, 1412 B.
[8]. Baldeva Sahani, President, The Bihar Association, A Memorendum Presented to the State Reorganisation Commission.
[9]. Doccuments of Bangladesh Liberation War, 15 Vols., Published by the Ministry of Bangladesh Liberation War, Govt. of Bangladesh, (Reprint 2004)
[10]. C. A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. I, Part I, Delhi, 1967

Abstract: Improving quality of life in the slum is one of the development goals for new millennium. The existence of slums is essentially a manifestation of poverty, along with the economic and industrial development-slums will continue to exist and grow further. The experience of Kerala shows that the condition of the people can be improved even at low levels of economic development through appropriate public action for social provisioning and redistribution. Kerala has been able to provide for the basic needs of most of its citizen. This is revealed by comparative indicators of health, education and demographic transition. These average indicators hide the experience of communities that have been left out of the development process such as the fisher folk and the tribal's1. Increasing numbers of slums constitute a major challenge to development.The result emphasizes the need for measures to improve the physical environment of the dwelling places like basic amenities of toilets, proper drainage, sewerage system and adequate water supply.

[1]. Charles J. Stokes, A Theory of Slum, Land Economics ,Vol. 38, No. 3 , PP. 187-197
[2]. Das. B, (1997), Slum Dwellers in Surat City: A Socio Demographic Profile, Indian Journal of Social Work, New Delhi, Sage Publications
[3]. Gangadharan K (2005), Utilization of Health Services in Urban Kerala: A Socio Economic Study Serials publications, New Delhi
[4]. Gurumukhi K.T (2000), slum Related Policies and Programmes, shelter, Vol 3 No.3, pp 57.
[5]. HatekarNeeraj and Rode Sanjay (2003),Truth about Hunger and Disease in Mumbai, Malnourishment among slum children Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 38, No 43, PP 4604-4610..
[6]. Joshi Seema (2005),Marriage, Migration and Labour market in slum areas , Nagarlok, vol 37,No 3,PP 34-49.
[7]. KarnS.K,ShigeoShikura and Harada Hideki(2003),Living Environment and Health of Urban poor: A study in Mumbai, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 38, No 34, PP 3575+3579-3586.
[8]. Kumar P (2001), Declining number of slums: Nature of Urban Growth, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol xlv, No 41, PP 75-77.
[9]. Madhusoodhanan,V. (2006), Rehabilitation Measures for Slum Dwellers in Thiruvananthapuram City, in Ed Nair,K.N and Gopikuttan,G , Housing in Kerala, New Delhi , Daanish Books.
[10]. Mohanty and M Swati.Slums in India, APH Publishing Corporation,New Delhi

Abstract: Societies where diversity is a predominant feature, political culture often serves as an integrative factor encouraging sharing of what can be shared amidst diversity. Political culture, then, is the abridgment of determined patterns of underlying political attitudes and characteristic responses to political concerns that is manifest in particular political order. The existence of the political culture is generally unperceived by those who are part of that order and its origins date back to the very beginnings of the particular people who share it. Political culture is an essentially a political phenomenon. It makes its own demands on the political system, what is ―just‖ or what is "fair" in the political arena - a direct manifestation of political culture - is likely to be different from the definition of what is just/ fair in case of an individual, family or business relationships. Besides, even different political cultures related to a nation, state, community, or a group will define Justice/ fairness in politics differently. Political culture also affects all other questions confronting the political system. Like, the decisions made towards determining people's expectations from government by the way of services, and political culture will be significant amongst them. Still further political systems, in turn, are in some measure the products of the political cultures they serve and must remain in harmony with their political culture if they are to maintain themselves.

[1]. Gabriel Almond, Comparative Political Systems," Journal of Politics 18 (August 1956): 396. See also Lucian W. Pye and Sidney Verba, eds., Political Cultural and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965);
[2]. Donald J. Devine, The Political Culture of the United States (Boston: Little Brown, 1972);
[3]. Raymond D. Gastil, Cultural Regions of the United States, (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975);
[4]. Aaron Wildavsky, Cultural Theory (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990);
[5]. Edward K. Hamilton, ed., America's Global Interests: A New Agenda (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989).
[6]. Lucien Pye, "Culture and Political Science: Problems in the Evaluation of the Concept of Political Culture," Social Science Quarterly 53 (September 1972):
[7]. Lucien Pye and Sidney Verba, eds., Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965);
[8]. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Boston: Little Brown, 1963).
[9]. Daniel J. Elazar, American Federalism: A View From the States (T.Y. Crowell, 1966).
[10]. Sainath, P 2004 ‗Seeds of suicide', The Hindu, July 20, 2004.