IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-5 ~ Issue-3 ~ July–August 2013

Abstract: Kerala, on the South Western tip of Peninsular India is blessed with the South western and South Eastern monsoon which contributes to its vast fresh water bodies. But pollution of these water bodies has created physiological stress on its aquatic fauna. Among various forms of pollution in water bodies, detergent pollution has an immediate and detrimental effect on the aquatic fauna. Anabas testudineus, a common fresh water fish in Kerala was used in our study to determine the effect of detergent pollution on the fish's breathing. Three different concentrations of a popular brand of detergent were prepared and the amounts of Dissolved Oxygen consumed by fishes exposed to the detergent were determined using Winkler's method. Our study demonstrated that Dissolved Oxygen consumption in Anabas testudineus increases in the presence of detergent. This is due to the stress caused by the detergent on the normal physiological activities of the fish. Draining of domestic sewage containing detergents into water bodies adversely affect its aquatic fauna.

Keywords: Anabas testudineus, Detergent, Dissolved Oxygen, Fresh water, Stress

[1] Ananthakrishnan, R. and Soman, M. K. The onset of the southwest monsoon over Kerala: 1901–1980. J. Climatol., 8, 1988, 283–296.
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[3] Sheela A.M., Letha J. and Joseph S. Environmental status of a tropical lake system. Environ Monit Assess,. 180, (1-4) 2011, 427-49.
[4] Sharma B.K. and Miss. H. Kaur, Water Pollution IInd edition.(New Delhi: Goel publishing house,1997-1998)
[5] Babu V, Unnikrishnan P, Anu G. and Nair SM. Distribution of organophosphorus pesticides in the bed sediments of a backwater system located in an agricultural watershed: influence of seasonal intrusion of seawater. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol., 60(4,) 2011, 597-609.
[6] Dara S.S. A Text book of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution (New Delhi: S. Chand and Co. Ltd., 1993)
[7] Fry E.E.J., The aquatic respiration of fish 1st edition (New York: Academic Press, 1957)
[8] Hughes G.M. and Morgan. M., The structure of gills in relation to their respiratory function IIIrd edition ( London: British museum, 1973)
[9] J.R. Norman, A History of Fishes IIIrd edition ( DSC British museum London, 1975)

Abstract: Experiment was conducted during 2007 and 2008 to study the effect of water hyacinth manure in comparison to control on Coriandrum sativum. Soil mineral analysis test was carried out for soil sample types. Added organic matter, water hyacinth manure in various combinations into soil has been found to influence the performance of crop plants as a result of the increase in nutrient availability. The observations revealed positive response with 100% water hyacinth manure, 50% water hyacinth manure and water hyacinth manure combined with farm yard manure on the growth behaviour of seedlings as they were enhanced significantly compared with that of the seedlings grown in control. The growth and productivity of Coriandrum sativum was more pronounced with 100% water hyacinth manure treatment.

Key words: Coriandrum sativum, Eichhornia crassipes, Manure, Water hyacinth, Yield

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[4] G Nziguheba, R. Merckx, C. A. Palm and P. Mutuo, Combined uses of Tithonia diversifolia and inorganic fertilizers for improving maize production in a phosphorus deficient soil in western Kenya, Agro. For. Syst, 55, 2002, 165-174.

[5] K.S. Chukwuka and O. E. Omotayo, Effects of Tithonia Green Manure and Water Hyacinth Compost Application on Nutrient Depleted Soil in South-Western Nigeria, International Journal of Soil Sciences, 3(2), 2008, 69-74.

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[9] H.E Westerdahl and K. D. Getsinger, Aquatic Plant identification and herbicide use guide, Volume II: Aquatic plants and susceptibility to herbicides. Technical report A-. Department of the Army, Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, 1988, 9-88

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Abstract: Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Some of the kinds of treatment are ayurveda and homeopathy. Medicines are consumed for the treatment of various ailments. The most widespread ailments are cold, cough and body aches for which people generally go for ayurvedic and homeopathy medicines especially in case of children and infants. Lead (Pb) may be present in small but appreciable quantities in medicines due to contamination during packaging through soldering, addition of lead compounds as colouring agent and preservatives etc. Lead has harmful effects in humans especially in infants. Lead on entry into the human body, gets absorbed and distributed to all the tissues and finally gets accumulated in the bones. Lead crosses the blood-brain barrier in infants and damages the Central Nervous System (CNS). The overall result shows undesirably high lead content in medicinal samples of aforesaid categories. Keywords: Lead, Ayurvedic, Homeopathy, Central Nervous System.

[1] http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs-iyh-vsv/environ/lead-plomb-eng.php
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[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvrda
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy

Abstract: Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Buckwheat) is a nutritionally important pseudocereal because of its high protein content and balanced essential amino acid profile. In the present study, the seed sample and seed protein concentrates (SPCs) of Buckwheat extracted by different procedures were tested for their antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical assay. The maximum free radical inhibition by crude seed extract at concentration 100 μg/ml was found 78%. However, the Lactobacillus fermented SPC shown 73% inhibition. A comparative antioxidant capacity of SPCs were also studied and the maximum antioxidant activity (73.10%) was recorded in Lactobacillus fermented SPC followed by coagulation at pH 4.5 (68.35%) while minimum (62.54%) was found in heat coagulated SPC. The study indicates that crude seed extract showed higher radical scavenging activity than SPC. On the other hand, the Lactobacillus fermentation of SPC raises the antioxidant activity while this property decreases at high temperature.

Key Words: DPPH assay, Buckwheat, Seed extract, Seed protein concentrate (SPC), Coagulation procedures, Antioxidants.

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[10]. P. M. Kris-Etherrton, K.D. Hecker, A. Bonanome, S.M. Coval, A.E. Binkoski, K.F. Hilport, Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. American Journal of medicine, 113(9B),2002,71S-88S.

Abstract: The discharge of azo dye in to environment is of great alarmed due to color, toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the dye. Considerable attention has been given in evaluating the capability of bioadsorbent & a mix bacterial strain in decolorization and degradation of azo dye. Hog plum peel decolorizes methyl orange dye about 92% at PH 6.0, initial dye concentration 20 mg/L, adsorbent dose 0.5 g/100ml & 60 min contact time. Bacterial strains (E.coli & Enterobacter) showed a strong ability to decolorize methyl orange, azo dye. Aerobic conditions with pH 8.0, initial dye concentration 500 ppm and 37⁰C were considered to be the optimum decolorizing conditions under static state and decolorize about 96% of dye. High decolorization level and simplistic conditions show the potential for this bioadsorbent &bacterial strain to be used in the physical & biological treatment of dyeing mill effluents.

Keywords: Carcinogen, Decolorization, E.coli, Enterobacter, Hog plum peel.

[1]. Bayoumi,R.A1., Musa,S.M.2, Bahobil,A.S.3, Louboudy,S.S.4 and El-Sakawey,T.A, BIODECOLORIZATION AND BIODEGRADATION
OF AZO DYES BY SOME bacterial isolates, J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 1(1) 1- 25, 2010, page 1-3
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anaerobic-aerobic system": Chem. Eng. J. 99: 169-176 (2004).
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Abstract: The Mercury is known as a toxic heavy metal. The present work is aimed to isolate and characterize mercury resistant bacterial strains from the Haldia dock area river sediment. Bacterial cells are grown in 10 ppm of HgCl2 containing nutrient media. These isolates were resistant up to 150 ppm of mercury salt. The bacterial isolates were identified to belong to the genera: Serratia and Streptococcus or Enterococcus.. Many of the chosen isolates were tested for growth in a variety of antibiotics. Results of this study demonstrate the occurrence of diverse groups of marine bacteria capable of high tolerance to mercury .Mercury tolerant strains from dock area can be used to detect mercury toxicity in this type of polluted area and can be used for bioremediation of mercury toxicity. Keywords: Bioremediation, MRB, Quorum sensing, Serratiae, Streptococcus.

[1] Nascimento, A.M.A. and E.C. Souza, 2003. Operon mer: bacterial resistance to mercury and potential for bioremediation of
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Abstract: Marker enzymes such as acid phosphatase(ACP), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and aspartate transaminase(AST) levels were estimated in the serum of 60 fibroid patients and 60 non-fibroid patients from UTH, Ado-Ekiti . The age, weight and height of the patients were also considered. Results obtained showed a significant increase in the level of ACP (12.15±6.02aμ/L), significant decrease in AST (10.24±3.10aμ/L) level, and no significant difference was recorded in ALP (14.99±2.20aμ/L) level when compared to the control (10.10±6.15aμ/L), (12.40±3.11aμ/L) and (15.52±1.30aμ/L) respectively. Significant increase in both the age and weight of fibroid patients were also observed which could be related to the etiology of fibroid while height (not significant) may not be related to fibroid. However, this study showed that the activity of ALP does not change in fibroid cases while there are changes in the activities of both ACP and AST.

[1]. Al-Hendy A, Lee E.J, Wang H.Q, Copland J.A (2006): Gene therapy of uterineleiomyomas :Adenovirus-mediated expression of dominant negative oestrogen receptor inhibits tumor growth in nude mice. Am J .Obstet Gynecol.191:1621-1631
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Abstract: Thin films of Tin Sulfide (SnS) with varying concentrations of aluminum and manganese impurities (0.01-0.04M) were grown on glass substrates at room temperature in a chemical bath containing Tin II chloride, sodium thiosuphate, sodium ethylene diaminetetra acetate EDTA, ammonia and sodium tri-citrate. The optoelectronic properties of all the films were analyzed using a spectrophotometer and four point probe. The results show generally low transmittance and reflectance with the highest increase of 3% in transmittance occurring for 0.01M of aluminum and 0.02M of manganese impurities. The reflectance increased to 9% for 0.04M of aluminum and 15% for 0.02M of manganese impurities while 0.01M of both impurities lowered the reflectance. The absorbance for all impurity concentrations converged from a high value of 1.0 in the UV region and decreased marginally to a minimum of 0.82 for 0.02 M of manganese impurity in the visible region. Absorption coefficients increased with impurity concentration for both impurities. Also, the direct energy band gap increased with impurity concentration from 1.50 eV for as grown thin film to (1.70-1.90 eV) for various concentrations of both impurities. Changes with impurity concentrations in the values of refractive index, optical conductivity and dielectric constant etc. are also reported here. Results of the four point probe revealed increase in electrical resistivity for both manganese and aluminum impurities, with a maximum at 0.03 molar concentration of aluminum.

Keywords: Tin Sulfide, optoelectronic properties, aluminum and manganese impurity concentrations.

[1] Pathan, H.M, Lokhande, C. D, (2004) Deposition of metal chalcogenide thin films by successive ionic layer and adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. Bull. Mater. Sci. Vol. 27 No. 2 pp. 85-111

[2] Patil, S. G and Tredgold, R, H (1971) Electrical and photo-conductive properties of SnS2 crystals. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 4 718.

[3] Said, G and Lee P. A (1973) Electrical conduction-mechanisms in tin disulphide. Phys. Status Solidi (a) 15 99.

[4] Sankapal, B. R, Mane, R. S and Lokhande, C. D (2000c) Successive ionic layer adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) for deposition of large area ( ~ 10 cm2) tin disulphide (SnS2) thin films. Mater. Bull.35 2027.

[5] Osuwa, J. C and Onyejiuwa, G. I (2013) structural and Electrical properties of annealed Nickel Oxide (NiO) thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition. Journal of Ovonic Research. 9 (1): 9-15

[6] Annuar, K, Zulkarnaain, Z, saravanan, N, Zuriyatine, A and Sharin, R (2004) Preparation and studies ofNickel Sulphide Thin Films in the presence of Sodium Tartate as a complexing Agent. Material Science 10 (2): 4-7

[7] Ezenwa, I, A (2013)Effects of deposition time on the absorbance on chemical bath deposited CuS thin films Research Journal of engineering sciences. 2(1): 1-4.

[8] Huda Abdullah, Norhabibi Saadah and Sahbuddin Shaari (2012) Effect of deposition time on ZnS thin film properties by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. World Applied Sciences Journal. 19 (8): 1087-1091

[9] Ezeokoye, B. A and Okeke C. E (2006) Optical properties in PbHgS Tenary thin films deposited by solution growth method. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 7 (2): 100-113.

[10] Sartale, S. D and Lokhande, C. D (2001) Preparation and characterization of Nickel Sulphide Thin Films using Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR). Material Chem. and Phys. 72 (8): 100-104

Abstract: Study was conducted to evaluate effects of treatments with curing (curing solution containing Salt, Sugar and Sodium Nitrate) and curing combined with antioxidant (BHA 500ppm) at Storage temperature (0°C and -5°C) using packaging material (HDPE and LDPE bags) on shelf life attributes including pH, total plate count and sensory characteristics (colour, odour and texture) of buffalo meat. It was found Curing increasedthe pH of meat sample and also brought improvement in colour. Initially, pH and colour score of raw meat were 5.89 and 7.00 while those of cured meat were 6.05 and 7.67, respectively. It also reduces microbial population (log of TPC per g of raw meat and cured meat were 4.30 and 3.47, respectively.Curing combined with antioxidant treatment was considered best which improved pH, colour, texture (pH was 5.9 and score value of colour and texture were 7.67 and 7.67, respectively. The treated sample was superior in microbiological and sensory quality.

Keywords: Buffalo meat, Curing, BHA

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Abstract: The textile dyeing and printing units in Sanganer town, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Discharge a huge volume of mostly untreated textile dye wastewater (10,000-15,000kl/day) into various pools and drain adjoining the textile printing units. A number of azo dyes are used in textile printing industries, As a result. The textile waste waters are loaded with them, along with other chemicals used during printing and fixing of dyes on cloth. The main cause of generation of this effluent is the use of huge volume of water either in the actual chemical processing or during re-processing in preparatory, dying, printing and finishing, which is responsible for higher biological oxygen demand(BOD), so currently these industries facing significant challenges, associated mainly with Environmental legislation because BOD removal reduction of could not be achieved, discharge effluent's concentration is too high from discharge limit prescribed by Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, The objective of study is physiochemical analysis of water in study area and the BOD reduction in textile wastewater. For BOD reduction three oxidizers Hydrogen peroxide, Calcium hypochlorite, Potassium dichromate was used to compare their treatment efficiency at different temperature, dosages and retention time.

Keywords: Textile industry, Textile effluent, BOD reduction, Oxidizing reagents, Discharge limit.

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[7] F. Vaezi, K. Naddafi, F. Karimi and M. Alimohammadi, Application of chlorine dioxide for secondary effluent polishing, International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 1(2), 2004, 97-101.

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Abstract: The clearness index at a point in Sokoto (130N1,5 o.151 E) was evaluated from global solar radiation estimated from sunshine hour data collected from NIMET. The clearness index was compared with global solar radiation, the transparency of Sokoto sky was investigated and the monthly variation of clearness index was evaluated .The results show that Sokoto has a clear weather as the clearness index is more than 50% throughout the year. The month of December has the highest clearness index of 62.9% while the month of August has the least value clearness index of 50.8%.The low value of clearness index in August may be attributed to heavy rainfall associated with the month

Keywords: global solar radiation, clearness index, sunshine hour.

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Abstract: Hearing aid device is a small electronic gadget that is fit in or behind the ear to improve one's hearing and consequently communication ability.This research work involves the design and development of a hearing aid device withpre-amplifier; an acoustic signal picked-up using a condenser microphone. TDA 2822M IC is configured to produce an audio amplification which is converted to audio signal through a headphone. Design equations were employed to calculate the physical parameters of the circuit. After the design, the circuit was constructed and tested on 5 people with partial hearing problem. The result showed that there was a significant improvement in the hearing ability of all the patients tested. Recommendations were proposed for further improvement.

Keywords: hearing aid, acoustic signal, pre-amplifier, condensermicrophone.

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Abstract: A study was carried out to estimate the quantity of total water vapour content of the atmosphere for Sokoto area using solar radiation intensity measurements. Pyronometerwas used to record solar intensities for the month of September, 2012 on daily basis extending from 8.00 hour to 17.00 hour local time. Red and blue plastic filters were used in taking separate measurements of solar intensities in addition to no filter measurements. Total water vapour content was determined using ELSSASER square approximations law. Results indicated that highest value of water vapour content of the atmosphere of 1.458 Kgm-2was recorded on the 20th day of the month while the least value of 0.937 Kgm-2 was obtained on the 22nd day of the month. Average water vapour content for the study area was found to be 1.243 Kgm-2. The procedure involved in this method gives similar result as the conventional methods used for estimating atmospheric water vapour content and the subsequent relative humidity for the study area.

[1] Arthur, N.S and Alan, H.S (1997): Geography and man's environment, JohnWiley & sons Inc, 9-11.
[2] Elmer, U.(2001): Green house effect and atmospheric absorption, MPI for chemistry, Mainz.
[3] Garg, H.P (1982): Treatise on Solar energy, Volume 1, Wiley inter science publication, Chichester.
[4] Houghton, J.T: The physics of atmospheres 2nd edition, chapter 2
[5] Idemudia, G.(1998): Temporal variations in optical depth: determination using sunphotometry, Nigerian Journal of renewable energy, Vol. 6; no.1 and 2,48-51.
[6] John, W.T and Anthony, D.W (1986): Renewable energy resources, E & F.NSpon; chapmann and hall, London, 66,70-72,77-78.
[7] McGraw Hill (1997): Encyclopaedia of Science & Technology, Vol.2; 8thedition, U.S.A, 566-568.
[8] Ruediger, L.(2001): Atmospheric water vapour content, MPI Mainz.
[9] Susanne, N.(2001): Concentration, how humid is air, MPI for Chemistry Mainz.

Abstract: In this paper, a generalized induction machine model is implemented using the powerful S-Function (System-Functions) extension capability of the MATLAB/Simulink software package. The model has been formulated by means of the space-phasor notation in which all the three-phase quantities (Voltages, Currents, flux and inductances) are converted to the two-axis d-q notation. The dynamic equations of the induction machine are smartly implemented in a single user defined S-Function block, thus addressing the problem of simulation speed when using ordinary Simulink library blocks. The model is then tested in a direct-on-line startup by applying a three-phase ac voltage signal to the machine. Simulation results are presented for a load torque of 10N.m and 40N.m at t=1s to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Keywords: Induction machine model, S-Function, Simulink, Simulation speed

[1] B. Ospineci and L.M. Tolbert: Simulink Implementation of Induction Machine Model-A Modular approach, IEEE International
Electric machines and drives conference (IEMDC), Vol.2 (2003), pp. 728-734.
[2] K.L. Shi, T.F. Chan, Y.K. Wong and S.L. Ho: Modeling and simulation of the three- phase induction motor using Simulink,
International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, Vol. 36 (1999), pp. 163-172.
[3] S.N. Ghani: Digital computer simulation of three-phase induction machine dynamics, a generalized approach, IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1988), pp. 106-114.
[4] M. Riaz: Simulation of Electric Machines and Drive Systems, University of Minnesota, Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering (2003),Web: http://www.ece.umn.edu/users/riaz.
[5] S. Wade, M.W. Dunnigan and B.M. Williams: Modeling and simulation of induction machine vector control with rotor resistance
identification, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 12, No. 3 (1997), pp. 495-506.
[6] I. Boldea and S.A. Nasar: Electric Drives, CRC Press, Florida, USA, (1998).
[7] H.F. Abdul-Wahab and H. Sanusi: Simulink Model of Direct Torque Control of Induction Machine, American Journal of Applied
Sciences Vol. 5 (8) (2008), pp. 1083-1090.
[8] MathWorks: Writing S-Functions, Simulink Toolbox for use with Matlab, the Language of Technical Computing, Version 4, release
12 (2000).
[9] B. K. Bose: Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives", Prentice-Hall, New Jersey (2002).
[10] P. Vas: Sensorless Vector and Direct Torque Control, Oxford University Press, New York. (1998).

Abstract: The bacteria flora of Clarias gariepinus was investigated using standard microbiological procedures. The total heterotrophic bacteria count of pond water, skin, gills and intestine of Clarias gariepinus ranged from 1.2 x 104 cfu/g in the gills to 2.16 x 106 cfu/cm2 on the skin while the total coliform count ranged from nil in pond water to 3.5 x 104 cfu/g of the gills. The Salmonella – Shigella count was higher in the intestine of the catfish obtained from all the ponds under investigation while the total vibrio count was higher in pond water and intestine of catfish from all the ponds studied but was low in gills and skin. The bacteria flora included Streptococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Vibrio sp., Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp., Klebsiella sp., Shigella sp. , Enterococcus sp. and Proteus sp. Enterococcus sp had the highest frequency of occurrence of 77% followed by Salmonella sp (75%) while Klebsiella sp had the least frequency of occurrence of 8% . The bacterial flora was composed of potential spoilage and pathogenic organisms that could constitute a public heath risk and economic loss. Catfish should be properly processed before consumption or preservation.

Keywords: Aquaculture, Bacterial load, Consumers, Pathogens, Spoilage

[1] O. J. Egbere, T. Akadir, S. Oyero, O. Odewumi, P. Chollom, and H. Zakari, Bacteriological quality of catfish ponds in Jos metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Bioscience, 5(2), 2010, 95 – 103

[2] D. Clay, Population biology, growth and feeding of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus with special reference to juveniles and their importance in fish culture. Archives of Hydrobiology, 87(4), 1979, 453 – 482.

[3] B. E. ,Olufemi, B. E. Akinlabi, D. A. and S.A. Agbede, Aerobic bacterial pathogens isolated from the African catfish Clarias gariepinus . Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 9 , 1991, 177 – 180.

[4] I. G. Cowx, Aquaculture Development in Africa: Training Reference Manual for Aquaculture Extortionists Hull: Humberside International Fisheries Institute, 1992.

[5] FDF, Federal Department of Fisheries. Fisheries Statistics of Nigeria, Fourth Edition; 1995 – 2007, 49.

[6] J. S. Lee, Commercial catfish farming ( Interstate pub, Inc., 1991).

[7] A. H. Al-Harbi and N. Uddin, Quantitative and qualitative studies on the bacterial flora of hybrid Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus cultured in earthen ponds in Saudi Arabia. Aquaculture Research, 14, 2003, 43 – 48.

[8] S. Kaneko, Microbiological study of fresh fish. New Food Industry, 13, 1971, 76 – 80. [9] E.E. Geldreich and N. A. Clarke, Bacterial pollution indicators in the intestinal tract of freshwater fish. Applied Microbiology, 14, 1966, 429 – 437.

[10] K. Kashiwada, S. Tejima and A. Kanazawa, Studies on the production B. vitamins by intestinal bacteria of fish. V. Evidence of the production of vitamin B12 by microorganisms in the intestine of carp. Bulletin Japan Society Science Fisheries, 36, 1970, 421 – 434.

Abstract: Hydro-geochemical survey was undertaken in parts of Imo River Basin, Southeastern Nigeria, particularly in the geologic formation of Ogwashi-Asaba, to assess the quality of groundwater. Sixteen samples of groundwater were obtained from various boreholes in the study area and subjected to physico-chemical analysis using standard laboratory techniques. The study was aimed at the assessment of the groundwater quality indicators namely: pH, electrical conductivity (N), phosphate (PO4), sulphate (SO4), nitrate (NO3--) and total dissolved solids (TDS). The result shows low pH values in the following areas: Amapu Ntigha (BH5), Ubakala-Umuahia (BH6), Ife-Ezinihitte Mbaise (BH30), Nkwogwu-AbohMbaise (BH31), Uratta-Owerri (BH34) and Oboame-Aboh Mbaise (BH45). Their pH values are below the acceptable range of 6.5-8.5, which indicates acidity. The acidity probably results from carbonic acid derived from the solution of CO2 from both the atmosphere and the decomposition of plant materials in the soil zone. The acidity of the groundwater gives slight sour taste to drinking water, due to the mobilization of trace metals from the aquifer material into the groundwater system, because of the corrosive effect of acidic water. Since borehole supply is rarely treated, these trace metals end up in domestic supplies resulting in health implications and complaints. Acidic waters are typically low in buffering calcium minerals, but are high in dissolved carbon dioxide gas, which can cause the low pH or acidity. Calcite neutralizer tanks with natural crushed and screened pure calcium carbonate easily neutralize acidic water from 6.0 to 6.9. Below 6.0 a blend of calcite and Corosex is recommended. Common systems used to treat low pH include Calcite Neutralizer, calcite & Corosex Blend Neutralizer, pflow Neutrilizer, Soda Ash Feed Pump Injection System.

Keywords: Acidity, Groundwater quality, Hydro-geochemical, Imo River Basin, Physico-chemical.

[1] A.S.T. Wadie and Abuljalil G.A.S., Assessment of hydrochemical quality of groundwater under some urban areas with Sana'a Secretariat. Ecletica quimica, www.SCIELO.BR/EQ. 35(1),2010, 77-84.

[2] C. R. Ramakrishnaiah, C. Sadashivaiah, and G. Ranganna (2009); Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State, India. E-Journal of Chemistry. 6(2). 2009, 523-530.

[3] P. R. Sarukkalige, Impact of land use on groundwater quality in Western Australia: Improving integrated surface and groundwater resources management in a vulnerable and changing world, Proc. of Joint International Association of Hydrological Scientists (IAHS) and International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) Convention, Hyderabad, India, IAHS Publ., 2009, 136-142.

[4] E.I. Okoro, B.C.E. Egboka, O.L. Anike and A.G. Onwuemesi , Integrated water resources management of the Idemili River and Odo River Drainage Basins, Nigeria: Improving integrated surface and groundwater resources management in a vulnerable and changing world, Proc. of Joint International Association of Hydrological Scientists (IAHS) and International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) Convention, Hyderabad, India, IAHS Publ. 2009, 117-122.

[5] C. Tay and B. Kortatsi, Groundwater quality studies: A Case study of the Densu Basin, Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 12 (1), 2008.

[6] H. Hultberg and A. Wenbald, Acid groundwaters in Southwestern Sweden, in D. Drablos and A. Tollan (Ed.), Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation, International Conference, Sandefjord, Norway, 1980, 220-221.

[7] C.A.J. Appelo, G.J.W. Krajenbrank, C.C.D.F. van Ree and L. Vasak, Controls on groundwater quality in the NW Veluwe Catchment. Soil Protection Series 11, Staatsuitgeveriji, Den hag, 1982, 140.

[8] A. Grivall, C. S. Cole, B. Allard and P. Sanden, Quality trends of public water supplies in Sweden. Acid Precipitation and Human Health-Part 1. Water Quality Bulletin 11(1), 1986, 6-11 and 58.

[9] P. L. Smedley, W.M. Ednunds, J. M. West, S. J. Gardner and K. B. Pelig-Ba, Vulnerability of shallow groundwater quality due to natural geochemical environment: Health problems related to groundwater in the Obuasi and Bologatanga Areas, Ghana, Report prepared for ODA under ODA/BGS Technology Development and research Programme, Project 92/5,1995.

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, texture and color parameters of the artisanal Butter cheese from Marajó, manufactured with partial substitution of buffalo milk for cow milk. Four formulations were elaborated: B100 (100% buffalo milk); B80 (80% buffalo milk + 20% cow milk); B70 (70% buffalo milk + 30% cow milk) and B60 (60% buffalo milk + 40% cow milk). Three replicates were performed. The partial substitution of 20%, 30% and 40% of buffalo milk caused the reduction of fat in 16.2%, 21.6% and 25.4%, and protein in 5.2%, 5.7%, and 6%, respectively, with decrease of elasticity, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness, but had no influence on the hardness. Moisture had significant and strongly negative correlation with elasticity, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness. Fat and protein had significant and strongly positive correlations with elasticity, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness. Significant differences were found for color variables L*, a*, b* and ho. The increase in cow milk concentration increased the yellow-greenish tonality, with an emphasis in yellow tones.

Keywords: color, Marajó "Butter cheese", physicochemical composition, texture TPA.

[1] A. Figueiras and M. Quadros, Queijo Marajó: Começa a fase industrial, Revista Agroamazônia, (3), 2002, 36-37.
[2] Pará, Agência Estadual de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Pará. Portaria nº418 de 04 de março de 2013 aprova o Regulamento Técnico para a Produção do Queijo do Marajó. Diário Oficial do Estado do Pará, 2013 marc. 06
[3] M. H. Abd El-Salam and S. A. El-Shibiny, A comprehensive review on the composition and properties of buffalo milk, Dairy Science & Technology, 91(6), 2011, 663- 690.

Abstract: Water is one of the most important of all natural resources known on earth. It is important to all living organisms, most ecological systems, human health, food production and economic development. The safety of drinking water is important for the health. The safety of drinking water is affected by various contaminants which included chemical and microbiological. Such contaminants cause serious health problems. Due to these contaminants quality of the Drinking Water becomes poor. Sometimes such poor quality water causes many diseases in the humans so that quality of the water must be tested for both the chemical as well as for the microbial contaminants. During the study it was found that maximum number of physical and chemical parameter were within the desirable limit, as suggested by WHO (1971) and BIS (1991). The objective of the present research is to provide information on the physicochemical characteristics & detailed ecological studies of Potable water and Lake water (Habitat) in order to discuss it's suitability for human consumption. Physicochemical and bio-chemical aspects of the water have been investigated to assess the quality of water. The variations of the physicochemical properties of water samples directly influence the biotic communities and primary productivity of the water bodies at different areas of Ahmedabad.

Keywords: Potable water and Lake water, Ahmedabad, Physico-chemical and Investigation, ecological studies, Comparative studies.

[1]. Basavaraja Simpi, S.M. Hiremath, KNS Murthy, K.N.Chandrashekarappa, Anil N Patel, E.T.Puttiah; Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-Chemical Parameters Hosahalli Tank in Shimoga District, Karnataka, India; Global Journal of Science Frontier Research,11(3),2011.
[2]. Bhaven N. Tandel, Dr. JEM Macwan, and Chirag K. Soni, Assessment of Water Quality Index of Small Lake in South Gujarat Region, India.
[3]. Basavaraja Simpi, S.M. Hiremath, KNS Murthy, K.N.ChandrashekarappaAnil N Patel, E.T.Puttiah; Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-Chemical Parameters Hosahalli Tank in Shimoga District, Karnataka, India; Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, 11(3); 2011.
[4]. H. A. Solanki, P. U. Verma and D. K. Chandawat, Evaluating The Water Quality of Malav Lake by Mean of Physico-chemical Analysis,944-955,2011.
[5]. Hydrology project; Government of India & Government of The Netherlands; Standard Analytical Procedures for Water Analysis May 1999.
[6]. Indian Standard Specifications for Drinking Water, IS: 10500, 1992
[7]. Jamie Bartram and Richard Ballance ,Physical And Chemical Analyses.
[8]. Jin Hur , Bo-Mi Lee , Tae-Hwan Lee and Dae-Hee Park ; Estimation of Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand for Combined Sewer Systems Using Synchronous Fluorescence Spectra; Sensors 2010, 10, 2460-2471.
[9]. Kawther F. Abed and Suaad S. Alwakeel; Mineral and Microbial Contents of Bottled and Tap Water in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 2 (3-4): 151-156, 2007.
[10]. Krishna Vaidya and Mohini Gadhia; Evaluation of drinking water quality; African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 6(1):6-9,10 2012.

Abstract: The creation of new Local governments in Nigeria brought about new socio-economic order such as over population, pressure on the available facilities and new land use elements with their generated wastes. There is the need to examine the present status of the underground water resource of these regions for effective development of the newly created local governments. For this reason it becomes necessary to carry out the ground water quality assessment of newly created local governments in Nigeria as a source of data base for development using Nkwerre Local Government Area of Imo State as a case study. The study was carried out by acquiring geologic and topographic maps of the area for easy identification of sample population areas and to identify geological boundaries, Spring out crops, landuse element especially waste dump sites. Agricultural and industrial projects were visited and examined. A total of 6 water samples from bore holes within six communities were collected and analyzed. Analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectroscopy for major cations. Heavy metal analysis was undertaken using spectrophometer, potassium was determined using flame photometer method, concentration of total iron (Fe2+) was determined calorimetrically using spekker absorption meter while total dissolved solids (TDS) was determined using glass fiber filter. Turbidity. Physical parameters like ph and dissolved oxygen were measured insitu in the field with appropriate standard maters. The result of geochemical analysis shows that the water has high turbidity, high iron, slightly acidic, soft portable and suitable for industrial, agricultural and domestic purposes, but requires treatment to reduce iron and turbidity. The water type belongs to a no dominant cation and anion type and can be grouped as Mg2+ - Ca2+ - So42+ - HCo3 water. North western segment in infested with ecoli bacteria. The general pollution index of 0.777 shows that the water in the area is ideal for various purposes, however, remediation of iron, turbidity and bacteria presence is proposed.

Keywords: evaluation, groundwater, quality Nigeria, contamination, population.

[1]. AWWA(1991) American water works Association Water quality and treatment Mc Graw Hill NewYork, PP654
[2]. Carrol, (2009) Rainwater as a chemical agent of geological process a review of US Gedogical survey water supply paper no3, 15 and 16 PP33038
[3]. Digman, C (2002) Assessment of drinking water in G2 Aipat, India. Journal of Water Resource 12(4), PP 11 -15
[4]. Egbunike M.E (2007) Hydrogeochemical analysis of water samples in Nando and environs of Anambra basin South – Eastern Nigeria, Journal of water resources, India.
[5]. Etuefeotor, (1981) Preliminary hydrochemical investigation of the subsurface waters in parts of Niger Delta mining and geology, 18/1 pp 103 – 107
[6]. Freeze, RA and cherry J.A (1979) Ground water Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersy pp 280-285
[7]. Horton (1995) An Index Number rating system for rating water quality pollution control pp 37
[8]. Hem, J.D (1970) Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water, 2nd edition US Geological survey water supply paper, 1459,
[9]. Iloeje, N.P 1981 A New Geography of Nigeria (A new revised edition) Published in great Britain by William Clowes Beccles Ltd, London, pp85-120
[10]. Kogbe, C.A. 1975. Geology of Nigeria. Elizabethan publishing company, Lagos Nigeria. PP 213 – 220.

Abstract: Architecture is the art and science of designing which involves the manipulation of space, materials, program and other elements in order to achieve an end which is aesthetic, functional and sustainable. In the past, when the building envelope was the main element man used to protect himself from a harsh climate, he had to depend on passive energy which involves the use of natural energy sources for environmental, healthy, and economical reasons in our buildings. Traditional architecture, in Jordan, represents a living witness for the suitability of this architecture to the local environment, which incorporated the essence of sustainable architecture. The current study is aimed at investigating the elements of sustainability within the Jordanian traditional buildings based on the Jordan GBI rating key criteria, including: Energy Efficiency, indoor Environmental Quality, sustainable Site Planning and Management, material and Resources, water Efficiency, and innovation. Various typologies of six historical cases (i.e., Abu Jaber, Mouasher, Sukkar, Khatib, Toukan, and Qaqish buildings) in the old city of As-Salt were selected for this study, from a more comprehensive analysis. Findings of the study indicate uniqueness of the overall traditional As-Salt's architecture parallel with the current issues on sustainability. Furthermore, this As-Salt's traditional architecture is so beneficial as a case study for contemporary design, as a template for not only practices that are environmentally friendly, but also the process of sustainable thought.

Keywords: Sustainability, Passive design, Traditional building, Energy efficiency, Al-Salt

[1]. Alshuwaikhat, M. H. & Nkwenti, I. D. (2002). Developing sustainable cities in arid regions. Cities, 19 (2), 85-94.
[2]. Brown, G. and M. Dekay, 2006, Sun, Wind, and Light: Architectural Design Strategies, Wiley, London.
[3]. Brundtland, G.H., 1987, Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Oxford University Press, N.Y. pp.4.
[4]. Gaber, T. (2009). Passive systems: Vernacular and contemporary techniques for a vision of sustainable architecture. Egypt: Arch. Cairo ,5th International Conference.
[5]. Jordan Green building council, http://www.jordangbc.org/index.php/19-sample-data-articles/joomla/24-joomla
[6]. Hall, P. H (2002). Cities in civilization. London: Weiddenfeld & Nicolson.
[7]. Johnson, L.E., 1995 Sustainability: Towards an Holistic Vision of Architecture,The Structurist, no.35-36, pp86-98.
[8]. Jordan - Population and Housing Census 2004 - IPUMS Subset. microdata. worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/505
[9]. Looman, R. (2007). Design strategy for the integration of climate-responsive building elements in dwellings. South Africa: CIB World Building Congress.
[10]. Mendler, S., et.al., (2006) The HOK Guidebook to Sustainable Design, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New Jersey.