IOSR-JEF   Volume-5 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: This paper examined the economic efficiency of resources used in rice production among mechanized and non mechanized farmers in Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Data were collected from a randomly sample of 132 farmers (66 non-mechanized and 66 mechanized) and analyzed using gross margin, farm financial ratio and regression analysis. The result revealed a difference of N13,900 in cost of production, N48,000 in revenue realized, N34,100 in gross margin and N19,100 in net profit accrued from the used of mechanization. The coefficient of farm size and fertilizer are positive and statistically significant at (P<0.1) under non mechanized rice farms, for mechanized farms, all the variables are positive and statistically significant. Mechanized rice farmers used there inputs close to economic optimum with efficiency ratio of 0.98, 0.95 and 0.94 for labour, farm size and seed respectively, compare to 0.58, 0.46 and 0.71 of the same inputs used by non mechanized rice farmers, while fertilizer 3.16 and 56.32 was under utilized for both mechanized and non mechanized. For optimum allocation of resources, labour (101.68%), farm size (106.28%) and seed (105.41%) were over utilized in mechanized farms, labour (172.25%), farm size (115.10%) and seed (140.56%) were over utilized in non mechanized farms and Fertilizer having (98% and 68%) was under utilized in both mechanized and non mechanized rice farms respectively. The results show that a lot need to be done to bridge the gap for optimum use of the resources under non mechanized rice production. The results also show that there is need for making inputs such as fertilizer affordable and accessible to the farmers so as to improve production efficiency. Also policies that encourage the use of farm machinery to absorb the excess labour cost in rice production in the study area should be formulated.

Keywords: Economic Efficiency, Economic Optimum, Optimum Allocation of Resources, Mechanization, Rice Production.

Abstract: Investment is an activity that is engaged in by people who have savings i.e. investments are made from savings, or in other words people invest their savings. A variety of investment options are available such as bank, Gold, Real estate, post services, mutual funds & so on. Investors are investing their money with the different objectives such as profit, security, appreciation, Income stability. Researcher has studied the different avenues of investments as well as the factors while selecting the investment with the sample size of 40 salaried employees by conducting the survey through questionnaire in Pune, India. The study is based on personal interviews with salaried peoples, using a structured questionnaire. Actually, the present study identifies the preferred investment avenues among the individual investors using self assessment test. The study is based on primary sources of data which are collected by distribution of a close ended questionnaire. The data has been analyzed using percentage, chi-square test, and Person Correlation Coefficient with the help of statistical software. The researcher has analyzed that salaried employees consider the safety as well as good return on investment on regular basis. Respondents are aware about the investment avenues available in India except female investors.

Key Words: Investments, profit, salaried employees, savings

Abstract: Law Number 11 of 2006 on Governing of Aceh authorizes the government to manage zakat as a source of local revenue. However, at the level of implementation it raises a variety of legal issues. On the one hand, zakat as a local revenue adheres to the provisions of local financial management, while on the other side, zakat as part of the religious issues. This study is aimed to in-depth analyze what the legal basis for the establishment of the authority of the Government of Aceh to manage zakat as a local revenue and how its implications to the regulations of zakat as revenue in Aceh. The result is that the legal basis for granting the authority to manage zakat as local revenue can be seen from the perspective of Administrative Law, which is the attribution authority based on legislation. While from the perspective of Islamic law, it is not in accordance with practices in the Islamic government (caliphate),. Since Indonesia is not based on Islamic Law, therefore the role of community should be considered in managing zakat, in addition to the role of the state (government).

Keywords: authority, the Government of Aceh, Zakat, the local revenue.