iosr-JECE   Volume-8 ~ Issue-1

Abstract: This case study cuts across the evaluation of the performance of the use of compact tubes in the University of Lagos hostel environment .Data were collected by means of questionnaires centralized basically on three major areas; the level of awareness of the students with compact fluorescent tube,the current Luminaire information data and finally,the beneficiary experiences and reactions to the retrofitting project of compact fluorescent lamps which has already been executed prior to the review on the evaluation.The latter of the three major areas of case study was solely based on perception of the students which could be affected by psychological,health and environmental factors.A chart of the evaluation of twenty questions in the questionnaire given to each student whose total population is over 500 in the environment of study was demonstrated. Project test duration is two hundred and fifty days. Also, an energy/cost audit calculation were carried out. We found out that about 3197kw-hr/ ₦41,145.39 can be saved by retrofitting the 36 watt fluorescent tube with CFL and about 45,662kw-hr/ ₦587,669.90 for the 60 watt incandescent fluorescent tubes to compact tubes per 120-rooms hostel at a unit cost of ₦12.87 per kw/hr. For effective application, we also calculated house hold use.

Key words: Compact, CFL, Fluorescent, Lamp, Naira

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Abstract: The increasing amount of applications using digital multimedia technologies has accentuated the need to provide copyright protection to multimedia data. This paper reviews one of the data hiding techniques - digital image watermarking. Through this paper we will explore some basic concepts of digital image watermarking techniques.Two different methods of digital image watermarking namely spatial domain watermarking and transform domain watermarking are briefly discussed in this paper. Furthermore, two different algorithms for a digital image watermarking have also been discussed. Also the comparision between the different algorithms,tests performed for the robustness and the applications of the digital image watermarking have also been discussed.

[1]. N. S. Kulkarni, I. Gupta, and S. N. Kulkarni "A Robust Image Encryption Technique based on Random Vector" , IEEE Computer Society. IEEE conference publications,in international conference on Emerging trends in engineering and technology (ICETET),pp. 15-19,2008.

[2]. P.B.Khatkale, D.G.Lokhande, Srescoe, "Digital Watermarking Algorithm for Color Images", IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) ,Vol. 3, Issue 3,pp. 01-09, Mar 2013.

[3]. S. Jayaraman, S. Esakkirajan, and T. Veerakumar. "Digital Image Processing", McGraw-Hill, 2009.

[4]. Cox.I, Miller.M, Bloom.J, Fridrich.J,Kalker. T "Digital Watermarking and Steganography", 2nd Edition. ISBN: 978-0123725851

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[7]. Mustafa Osman Ali, Elamir Abu Abaida Ali Osman, Rameshwar Row, "Invisible Digital Image Watermarking in Spatial Domain with Random Localization", International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT),Vol.2, Issue 5, pp.237-231,Nov 2012.

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[9]. Keta Raval, Rajni Bhoomarker, Sameena Zafar "Implementation of Digital Watermarking For Image Security with EBCOT Algorithm and Error Correcting Codes",International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), Vol.2, Issue.3, pp.281-285,Feb 2013.

[10] . A. Chandra,T. Kavitha , "Robust digital watermarking using MDKP", International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol.2, Issue 6, pp.1-4,Jun 2012.

Abstract: Histogram equalization (HE) works well on single channel images for contrast enhancement. However, the technique used is ineffective on multiple channel images. So, it is not suitable for consumer electronic products, where preserving the original brightness is necessary in order not to introduce unnecessary visual deterioration. Bi-histogram equalization (BHE) has been developed and it is analyzed mathematically.BHE separates the input image's histogram into two, based on its mean before equalizing them independently so that it can preserve the original brightness up to certain extends. Recursive Mean-Separate Histogram Equalization (RMSHE) is another technique to provide better and scalable brightness preservation for gray scale and color images. While the separation is done only once in BHE, RMSHE performs the separation recursively based on their respective mean. It is analyzed mathematically that the output images mean brightness will converge to the input images mean brightness as the number of recursive mean separation increases. The recursive nature of RMSHE also allows scalable brightness preservation, which is very useful in consumer electronics. Finally a comparative study was made to analyze all the above methods using gray scale and color images.

Keywords: Bi-histogram equalization, histogram equalization, scalable brightness preservation, recursive mean-separate

[1] R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2007

[2] Y. Kim, "Contrast enhancement using brightness preserving bi-histogram Equalization," IEEE Transactions
[3] S. Chen and A. Ramli, "Contrast enhancement using recursive mean separate Histogram equalization for scalable brightness preservation, IEEE Transactions