iosr-JECE   Volume-6 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: Cryptography is the study of techniques for ensuring the secrecy and authentication of the information. The development of public-key cryptography is the greatest and perhaps the only true revolution in the entire history of cryptography. Elliptic Curve Cryptography is one of the public-key cryptosystem showing up in standardization efforts, including the IEEE P1363 Standard. The principal attraction of elliptic curve cryptography compared to RSA is that it offers equal security for a smaller key-size, thereby reducing the processing overhead. As a Public-Key Cryptosystem, ECC has many advantages such as fast speed, high security and short key. It is suitable for the hardware of implementation, so ECC has been more and more focused in recent years. The hardware implementation of ECC on FPGA uses the arithmetic unit that has small area, small storage unit and fast speed, and it is an extremely suitable system which has limited computation ability and storage space.[1][2] The modular arithmetic division operations are carried out using conditional successive subtractions, thereby reducing the area. The system is implemented on Vertex-Pro XCV1000 FPGA. Index Terms – VHDL, FSM, FPGA, Elliptic Curve Cryptography.

[1] HDL PROGRAMMING, VHDL and VERILOG by"Nazeih M. Botros".

[2] HDL PROGRAMMING by "J Bhasker".

[3] Cryptography and Network Security by "William Stallings"

[4] Prof.Rahila Bilal and Dr.M.Rajaram "International Journal of Computer Applications – Volume 8-No 3 October 2010.

[5] D.Saravana kumar and CH Suneetha,"international journal of distributed and parallel systems (IJDPS)"Vol 3,no 1,jan 2013.

[6] Nele Mentens and JoVliegen "A Compact FPGA Based Architecture for Elliptical Curve Cryptography over Prime Fields".

[7] Yingjie qu and Zhengming hu "Research and Design of Elliptic Curve Cryptography "(2010 IEEE).

[8] Padma Bh and Chandravathi "International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering' Vol 2 - 2010

Abstract: In the near future, there is an eminent demand for High Resolution images. In order to fulfil this demand, Super Resolution (SR) is an approach used to renovate High Resolution (HR) image from one or more Low Resolution (LR) images. The aspiration of SR is to dig up the self-sufficient information from each LR image in that set and combine the information into a single HR image. Conventional interpolation methods can produce sharp edges; however, they are approximators and tend to weaken fine structure. In order to overcome the drawback, a new approach of Effective Pixel Interpolation method is incorporated. It has been numerically verified that the resulting algorithm reinstate sharp edges and enhance fine structures satisfactorily, outperforming conventional methods. The suggested algorithm has also proved efficient enough to be applicable for real-time processing for resolution enhancement of image. Statistical examples are shown to verify the claim. Image fusion technology is also used to fuse two processed images obtained through the algorithm.

Keywords: Super Resolution, Interpolation, EESM, Image Fusion

[1] D. Glasner, S. Bagon and M. Irani, "Super-Resolution from a Single Image", IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2009, 349 – 356.

[2] P. Vanderwalle, S. Susstrunk and M. Vetterli, "A Frequency Domain approach to Registration of Aliased Images with Application to Super-Resolution," EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, 2006, 2006, 1-14.

[3] E. Tuomaala and Haiming Wang, "Effective SINR Approach of Link to System Mapping in OFDM/Multi-carrier Mobile Network". 2nd International Conference on Mobile Technology, Applications and Systems, 2005, 15-17,

[4] S.C. Park et al, "Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction: A Technical Overview", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 20, 2003, 21-36.

[5] A. J. Patti and Y.Altunbasak, "Artifact Reduction for Set Theoretic Super Resolution Image Reconstruction with Edge Adaptive Constraints and Higher-Order Interpolants", IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, 10(1), J2001, 179-186.

Abstract: WiMAX ("Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access") technology is developed to meet the growing demand of increased data rate and accessing the internet at high speeds. 802.16 family of standards is officially called Wireless MAN in IEEE. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is multicarrier modulation technique used in IEEE 802.16d (fixed WiMAX) communication standard. OFDM is used to increase data rate of wireless medium with higher spectral efficiency. The proposed work is to evaluate performance of IEEE Std 802.16d transceiver in MATLAB R2009b simulink environment. System performance evaluated using BER vs SNR for different modulation technique such as 4 QAM, 16 QAM, 64 QAM under different channel condition. Keywords — 802.16d, MATLAB, OFDM, wimax.

[1] Abbas S., Khan W.A., Khan T.A., Ahmed S. "Implementation of OFDM Baseband Transmitter Compliant IEEE Std 802.16d on FPGA" Publication Year: 2010 , Page(s): 22 - 26 .

[2] M.A. Mohamed, A.S. Samarah, M.I. Fath Allah "Study of performance parameters effects on OFDM systems" IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 3, No 2, May 2012.

[3] Joaquin Garcia, Rene Cumplido Department of Computer Science , "On the design of an FPGA-Based OFDM modulator for IEEE 802.16-2004" INAOE, Puebla, Mexico 2005 International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig 2005).

[4] K. Harikrishna, T. Rama Rao, and Vladimir A. Labay, "FPGA Implementation of FFT Algorithm for OFDM Based IEEE 802.16d (Fixed WiMAX) Communications" Journal Of Electronic Science And Technology, Vol. 8, No. 3, September 2010

[5] IEEE computer society and the IEEE microwave theory & techniques society " IEEE standard for Local and Metropolitan area network. Part 16: Air interface for fixed broadband wireless access system." 1 October 2004.

[6] Miljko Bobrek, Kenyon H. Clark, Austin P. Albright "FPGA Implementation of Reed-Solomon Decoder for IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Systems using Simulink-Sysgen Design Environment" Oak Ridge National Laboratory Cognitive Radio Program 1 Bethel Valley Rd Oak Ridge ,TN 37831.

[7] M.A. Mohamed, A.S. Samarah, M.I. Fath Allah , "Implementation of the OFDM Physical Layer Using FPGA" IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 2, No 2, March 2012.

[8] Bernard Sklar , Prabitra Kumar Ray, "Digital Communication (Fundamental and applications)".

[9] Andreas F. Molisch , "Wireless Communication"