iosr-JECE   Volume-5 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: In the field of computers segmentation of image plays a very important role. By this method the re-quired portion of object is traced from the image. In medical image segmentation, clustering is very famous method . By clustering, an image is divided into a number of various groups or can also be called as clusters. There are various methods of clustering and thresholding which have been proposed in this paper such as otsu , region growing , K Means , fuzzy c means and Hierarchical self organizing mapping algorithm. Fuzzy c-means (FCM) is a method of clustering which allows one piece of data to belong to two or more clusters. This method (developed by Dunn in 1973 and improved by Bezdek in 1981) is frequently used in pattern recognition. As process of fuzzy c mean is too slow, this drawback is then removed. In this paper by experimental analysis and performance parameters the segmentation of hierarchical self organizing mapping method is done in a better way as compared to other algorithms. The various parameters used for the evaluation of the performance are as follows: segmentation accuracy (Sa) , area (A), rand index (Ri),and global consistency error (Gce) .

Keywords - area (A), Fuzzy C means, global consistency error (Gce) , HSOM, K means , Otsu , rand index (Ri), Region Growing , segmentation accuracy (Sa) , and variation of information (Vi).

[1] Arjan Simonetti , "Investigation of brain tumor classification and its reliability using chemometrics on MR spectroscopy and MR imaging data",2004.

[2] Noworolski , S.M.; Nelson, S.J.; Henry, R.G.; Day, M.R.; Wald, L.L.; Star-Lack, J.; Vigneron, D.B. Magnetic resonance in medi-cine 1999, 41, 21-29.

[3] T.Logeswari1 and M.Karnan2,"An improved implementation of brain tumor detection using segmentation based on soft compu-ting",Journal of Cancer Research and Experimental Oncology Vol. 2 pp. 06-014, March, 2010.

[4] B.Sathya and R. Manavalan ,"Image Segmentation by Clustering Methods: Performance Analysis", IJCA vol 29-No.11,September 2011.

[5] Rafael C.Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods,"Digital Image Processing",Second Edition,Prentice Hall of India Private Limited ,New Delhi – 2007.

[6] OtSu NA. "Threshold selection method from aray level histogram". IEEE Trans. On system, man, and cybernetics. Vol. 9. No. 1. Pp. 62-66, 1979.

[7] Krishna Kant Singh and Akansha Singh, "A study of Image Segmentation Algorithms for Different Types Of Images", IJCSI Inter-national Journal of Computer Science Issues 201

[8] Mrs. Bharati R. JipKate et al., A comparative Analysis of Fuzzy C-Means Clustering and K-Means Clustering Algorithm", IJCER / May-June, 2012 / Vol. 21 / Issue No. 3 / 737-739.

[9] M. Sezgin and B. Sankur (2004). "Survey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation". Journal of Electronic Imaging 13(1) : 146-165.

Abstract: Electrical excitability and signaling frequently associated with rapid responses to environmental stimuli, as well as in some algae and some higher plants. The presence of electrical signal, such as action potentials (AP) in plant cells suggested that plant cells, too, make use of ion channels to transmit information over long distances. In the light of rapid progress in plant biology during the past decade, the assumption the electrical signals donot only trigger rapid leaf movements in sensitive plant such as mimosa pudica, the electromagnetic radiations may also cause effect on mechanical and electrical stimulis. Summarizing recent progress in the field of electromagnetic radiation on plants, the present review will focus on the mechanical and electrical stimuli of plants.

Keywords – Electromagnetic radiation, Electrical signal, Mimosa pudica, Mechanical and electrical stimulis.

[1]. Jensen, Evelyn L., Lawrence M. Dill, and James F. Cahill Jr. "Applying behavioral-ecological theory to plant defense: Light-dependent movement in Mimosa pudica suggests a trade-off between predation risk and energetic reward." The American Naturalist 177.3 (2011): 377-381.

[2]. Jackson, Douglas J., et al. "Portable high-voltage power supply and electrochemical detection circuits for microchip capillary electrophoresis."Analytical chemistry 75.14 (2003): 3643-3649.

[3]. Neshatvar, Nazanin. DESIGNING LOW FREQUENCY IC FILTER USING PSEUDO RESISTOR FOR BIOPOTENTIAL MEASURMENTS. Diss. American University, 2010.

[4]. Kocher, Mark J., and Robert L. Steigerwald. "An AC-to-DC converter with high quality input waveforms." Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on 4 (1983): 586-599.

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to design of fixed–fixed MEMS Resonator. The beam of resonator is made up of poly-silicon. This paper also presents the electrostatic and Eigen frequency analysis of MEMS resonator. The resonator used in oscillator which can be fabricated on chip. It can also be used as Switch. The size of crystal oscillator is in order of centimeter but the size of MEMS Resonator is in order of microns, so by replace a crystal oscillator by MEMS Resonator, we can reduce the size of the system. The dc voltage is given to the beam of resonator for electrostatic analysis & Eigen frequency analysis in different modes.

Keywords - MEMS Resonator, fixed-fixed beam, mechanical restoring force

[1] Frederic Nabki, Karim Allidina, Faisal Ahmad, Paul-Vahe Cicek, Mourad N. El Gamal, "Highly Integrated 1.8 GHz Frequency Synthesizer Based on a MEMS Resonator" IEEE Journal of solid-state circuits, Vol. 44, No. 8, August 2009, 2154-2168.

[2] G.Meenakshi sundaram, Mahesh Angira, Kamaljit Rangra "Design and Simulation of two port RF MEMS Resonator" International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI -2012), Jan. 10 – 12, 2012, Coimbatore, INDIA.

[3] Vivek Harshey, Amol Morankar, Dr. R.M. Patrikar "MEMS Resonator for RF Applications" Proceeding of the 2011 COMSOL Conference in Banglore, INDIA.

[4] C. T.-C. Nguyen, "Vibrating RF MEMS for low power communications (invited)," Proceedings, 2002 MRS Fall Meeting, Boston,Massachusetts, Dec. 2-6, 2002, pp. J12.1.1-J2.1.12.

[5] Gabriel M.Rebeiz " RF MEMS Theory , Design and Technology" John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

[6] Joep Jacques Marie Bontemps "Design of a MEMS-based 52 MHz Oscillator" Universiteitsdrukkerij Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, The Netherlands-2009

[7] Ravi Patni, Mohit Joshi, Sameer Mehra, and Akhilesh Mohan "Design of Piezoelectric Aluminum Nitride MEMS Resonator"Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2011 Vol I WCECS 2011, October 19-21, 2011, San Francisco, USA.