iosr-JECE   Volume-4 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: In wavelength-routed WDM optical networks requires regeneration for few light paths, when the strength of optical signal reduced and also security and privacy are essential before Optical Burst Switching (OBS) networks can become an everyday reality. Manycasting is a communication paradigm to implement the distributed applications. In manycasting, destinations can join or exit the group, depending on the service requirements imposed on them. This dynamic movement of the destinations in the group decreases blocking effect. Each application requires its own QoS threshold attributes like physical layer properties, delay as a result of transmission and reliability of the link. If the destinations satisfy the required QoS constraints set up by the application, then only they will qualify. There are two algorithms MCM-SPT and MCM-DM required for manycasting to resolve the multiconstraint QoS drawback. For continuous burst transmission lightpath should be regenerated before it loses the information due to lack of signal strength. To recover signal strength by sparse regeneration, where OOO switches are replaced by OEO swtches. There are three algorithms 1).NDF 2).CNF 3).SQP. Sometimes, there is an opportunity for the attacker to join the group. Service provided to the attacker is restricted by providing two levels of security. Using1).RSA algorithms, data level security is provided and using 2).certificate authentication, link level security is provided.
Keywords: Certificate generation, Manycasting, Optical Burst Switching Networks (OBS), Sparse regeneration, Quality of Service (QoS).

[1] Diaasalama Abd Elminaam, Hatem Mohamad Abdual Kader, Mohly Mohamed Hadhoud , Evalution of the Performance of
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of Science, Bangalore, India, Electrical and Communication Engineering July 2008.
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Abstract: A number of energy-aware routing protocols were proposed to seek the energy efficiency of routes in Multihop wireless networks. Among them, several geographical localized routing protocols were proposed to help making smarter routing decision using only local information and reduce the routing overhead. However, all proposed localized routing methods cannot guarantee the energy efficiency of their routes. In this article, we first give a simple localized routing algorithm, called Localized Energy-Aware Restricted Neighbourhood routing (LEARN), which can guarantee the energy efficiency of its route if it can find the route successfully. The critical transmission radius in random networks which can guarantee that LEARN routing finds a route for any source and destination pairs asymptotically almost surely. So by using LEARN algorithm the energy efficient of the source and destination pair is thus may be maintained and the attacks occurs in the wireless network can also be reduced. One can also extend the proposed routing into three-dimensional (3D) networks and derive its critical transmission radius in 3D random networks.
Keywords: LEARN, Localized routing, 3D network, Multihop, CRT, Energy Efficient

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[5] Decentralized detection in sensor networks
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Abstract: This paper explains the wideband loop antenna design for wireless communication. Printed antennas are supposed to be more attractive for mobile phone operations for achieving WWAN purposes. In mobile phones theses antenna usually cover the internal circuitry at the top or bottom of the device and they also require further isolation in order to get negligible coupling effect properly that comes due to the coupling between the radiation part of the antenna and the ground plane [1] to [3]. This will limit the internal integration of the antenna with the other circuitry of the cell phone for using it for WWAN purposes for example for achieving better SAR [4]. The proposed antenna consists of the folded loop and some patches in the ground plane to achieve desired goals. The ground plane and feeding part of the antenna are separated by FR4 substrate. Input is given through the capacitively coupled feeding port on the backplane. The antenna is designed to cover ranges of many bands such as, GSM (850/900MHz and 1800/1900MHz), WLAN (2.4GHz) and also the higher frequency bands such as ISM band. The antenna designed, gives very good return loss and has fine radiation pattern. The simulation of antenna in software called HFSS, version 11.0. I personally prefer to design antenna on this software because it gives a lot of customization options.

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GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS operation in the mobile phone," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 57, pp. 2541-2547, 2009.