iosr-JECE   Volume-4 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: In this paper, different techniques for reducing Peak To Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is discussed. The performance of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) system is degraded if the peak-toaverage power ratio(PAPR) is high. An OFDM system dynamic range is typically two or four times larger than a single carrier system increasing value of the dynamic range will lead to an increased cost, power consumption of transmitter amplifier and also lead to high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). This is one of the major drawbacks of OFDM system. A serious problem of large PAPR presents when energy-inefficient nonlinear power amplifiers are used. Several techniques have been proposed to reduce PAPR in OFDM system, out of that few are selective mapping (SLM), tone reservation and partial transmit sequence. SLM method could be used to reduce PAPR, however, it causes the BER degradation and increases computational complexity. The good improvement in PAPR given by the present techniques permits the reduction of the complexity and cost of the transmitter significantly.
Keywords: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), partial transmit sequence (PTS), peak to average power ratio (PAPR), selective mapping (SLM), tone reservation.

[1] R. W. Bäuml, R. F. H. Fischer, and J. B. Huber, "Reducing the peak-toaverage power ratio of multicarriermodulation by selected
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London, U.K, Nov. 1996, pp. 740–744.
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Abstract: Image Inpainting technique is of filling in holes in an image to preserve its overall continuity. There are many applications of this technique include the restoration of old photographs and damaged film; removal of labeled text like dates, subtitles, or publicity; and the removal of entire objects from the image like microphones or wires in special effects; also repaire the scratches on pahotograph and image. The older techniques, having a problem, which has been addressed by two classes of algorithms: (I) "texture synthesis" algorithms for generating large image regions from sample textures, and (II) "inpainting" techniques for filling in small image gaps. Image inpainting techniques is the art of restoring the lost or scratch part of image and repaired it by using patch from the same image which is to be inpainted. The tool provides the GUI (Graphic User Interface) by which user can easily select the area which is to be inpaint. Then the tool is automatically inpaint the selected region according to the background information.
Keywords: Exemplar method, Flowchart,Implementation details, Introduction, Previous work

[1] S. Muthukumar, "Analysis of image inpainting techniques with exemplar, poisson, successive elimination and 8 pixel neighborhood
methods," International Journal of Computer Applications IJCA, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 24-28, 2010.
[2] S. CHHABRA, R. LALIT, and S. SAXENA, "An analytical study of different image inpainting techniques," Indian Journal of
Computer Science and Engineering, vol. 3.
[3] A. Criminisi, P. Perez, and K. Toyama, "Object removal by exemplar-based inpainting," in Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition, 2003. Proceedings. 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on, vol. 2, pp. II -721-II-728 vol. 2, IEEE.
[4] P. Elango and K. Murugesan, "Digital image inpainting using cellular neural network," Int. J. Open Problems Compt. Math, vol. 2,
no. 3, pp. 439-450, 2009.
[5] P. Goyal and S. Diwakar, "Fast and enhanced algorithm for exemplar based image inpainting," in Image and Video Technology
(PSIVT), 2010 Fourth Pacific-Rim Symposium on, pp. 325-330, IEEE.
[6] F. Cao, Y. Gousseau, S. Masnou, and P. Perez, "Geometrically guided exemplar-based inpainting," International journal of computer
vision, 2009.
[7] Q. Chen, Y. Zhang, and Y. Liu, "Image inpainting with improved exemplar-based approach," Multimedia Content Analysis and
Mining, pp. 242-251, 2007.
[8] J. Wu and Q. Ruan, "Object removal by cross isophotes exemplar-based inpainting," in Pattern Recognition, 2006. ICPR 2006. 18th
International Conference on, vol. 3, pp. 810-813, IEEE.
[9] Y. Hong, "Object removal using exemplar-based inpainting," 2004.
[10] T. Kwok, H. Sheung, and C. Wang, "Fast query for exemplar-based image completion," Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on,
vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 3106-3115, 2010.

Abstract: In the coming years, there is great demand for high-speed data transmissions on cost effective basis. In order to achieve the same a new technology known as the Ultra WideBand (UWB) has been used. This technology has revolutionary advantages of an unlicensed service that can be used anywhere, anytime, by anyone. UWB is well known technology for its use in communications and radar applications, unlike traditional systems; this can only operate over a specific range of frequencies. UWB devices operate by employing a series of very short electrical pulses that result in very wideband transmission bandwidths. In addition, UWB signals can run at high speed and low input power. Hence, there is a need to implement characteristics while designing small antennas. The purpose of this work is to propose an inexpensive, light-weight, compact and portable new type ultra-wideband antenna for pulsed applications. The general approach to this design is to feed the antenna by a 50 ohm Sub Miniature A (SMA) cable through a micro strip line. Firstly the model is simulated using AnsoftHigh Frequency Structure Simulation(HFSS) software. This Ansoft HFSS software is mainly used for antenna analysis and design. The software is based on The Method of Moments (MoM) algorithm and therefore quantitative results can be obtained. In an attempt to achieve the best overall performance, experimental simulation results are continually assessed using different parameters so as to get the best results. This was followed by constructing the prototype. The final prototype fabricated showed comparable results of the simulation.
Keywords: Ultra Wideband, Microstrip Antenna, Partial Ground Plane, Monopole antenna,

[1] Seok H. Choi,1 Jong K. Park,1 Sun K. Kim,1 and Jae Y. Park," A new Ultra -Wideband antenna for UWB applications" Microwave
and Optical Technology Letters ,Vol. 40, No. 5, March 5 2004 [399-401].
[2] Mohamed A. Hassanien and Ehab K. I. Hamad "Compact rectangular U-shaped slot micro strip patch antenna for UWB
applications" 2010-IEEE APS, Middle East Conference on Antennas and Propagation (MECAP),Cairo, Egypt, 20.10.2010.
[3] Mei Li, Min Chen, WenquanChe, QuanXue, " UWB Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) with Differential Feeding Technique"
Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB) 2010.
[4] YusnitaRahayu, RazaliNgah, Tharek A. Rahman,""Various Slotted UWB Antenna Design"Sixth International Conference on
Wireless and Mobile Communications 2010.
[5] M. Ojaroudi, Sh. Yazdanifard, N. Ojaroudi, and M. Naser-Moghaddasi, "Small Square Monopole Antenna With Enhanced
Bandwidth by Using Inverted T-Shaped Slot and Conductor-Backed Plane"IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol.
59, No. 2, February 2011.
[6] Deepak Bhatia1, Dr. Mithilesh Kumar2, and Amitabh Sharma3, "A Beam Scanning UWB Antenna System for Wireless
Applications" International Journal of Electronics Engineering, 3 (1), 2011, pp. 11– 16.
[7] Natarajamani.S, S K Behera&S K Patra,""Compact Slot Antenna For UWB Application and Band-Notch Designs" International
Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks 2010.
[8] Zarreen Aijaz1&S.C.Shrivastava, "Effect of the Different Shapes: Aperture Coupled Microstrip Slot Antenna" International Journal
of Electronics Engineering, 2(1), 2010, pp. 103-105.
[9] D. Orban and G.J.K. Moernaut, "The Basics of Patch Antennas" Orban Microwave Products.
[10] AmriteshKshetrimayum Milan Singh, "Design of square patch micro strip antenna for circular polarization usgin IE3D
Software"Rourkela, Orissa, India 2010.