iosr-JECE   Volume-16 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2021

Abstract: The method of accurately approximating the foreground object in images and videos is known as Image Matting. It is an awfully technique in applications like image editing and video editing, where-in particularly film production for creating visual effects. In this paper the foreground object in images through Digital Matting Algorithms by employing a Bayesian Approach is estimated. A decent alpha matte with minimum labelling efforts using most informative sequence of regions for user input is provided in this paper. In this process a trimap is created first after that background and foreground regions are compared.

Keywords: Image Processing, Image Segmentation, Digital Matting Algorithms and Bayesian Approach

[1]. A. Levin D. Lischinski and Y. Weiss,"A Closed Form Solution to Natural Image Matting".
[2]. M. T. Orchard and C. A. Bouman,"Color Quantization of Images", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 39(12):2677– 2690, December 1991.
[3]. A. Berman, A. Dadourian, and P. Vlahos,"Method for removing from an image the background surrounding a selected object", U.S. Patent 6,134,346, 2000.
[4]. Yung-Yu Chuang, Brian Curless, David H. Salesin, and Richard Szeliski,"A Bayesian Approach to Digital Matting", In Proceedings of IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2001), Vol. II, 264-271, December 2001.
[5]. Y. Zheng, C. Kambhamettu,"Learning Based Digital Matting", ICCV, 2009

Abstract: Due to the increasing number of vehicles on road, the noise pollution levels have risen beyond the limits. No longercan a person travel from one place to another without being subjected to high intensity noise coming from vehicles at traffic junctions. The commuters try to persuade the honk even when the traffic light is red increases the undesired sound decibels to rise in the periphery of the junctionthis noise may have various effects on a person like hearing imparity, high blood pressure, stress, etc., at traffic signals people tend to blow horn restlessly adding nothing but noise to the environment. This paper tries to solve this problem by proposing an Arduino based solution. By using sound sensor and Arduino and with Matlab analysis the noise produced in the traffic can be reduced by cutting down on the unnecessary honking by drivers. Reduction in the level of noise pollution helps to increase productivity, stress reduce etc.

Keywords: Traffic, noise pollution, Arduino, Matlab software, Db

[1]. www.government.nl/noise-nuisancewww.piarc.org/knowledge-basewww.intechopen.com
[2]. Hiral Jariwala (2017) NOISE POLLUTION & HUMAN HEALTH: A REVIEW Researchgate.
[3]. L.C. (Eelco) den Boer, A. (Arno) Schroten August 2007: Traffic noise reduction in Europe.

Abstract: Free space optical communication (FSO) is very impressive because of its high data rate, less cost, and license free long–range operation. However, the climate conditions like haze, rain, fog etc are the barriers for the achievement of the desired performance of an FSO link. Here, we have implemented a hybrid polarization division multiplexing (PDM) with coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) at 100Gbps data rate. The proposed model enhances the system performance by increasing the user capacity by reducing the multipath fading effect. The efficiency of the proposed system is analyzed in terms of bit error rate (BER) and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) for three modulation schemes, i.e. BPSK, QPSK and 4-QAM.The system is simulated by using OPTISYSTEM 16.0 software. On the basis of simulation outcomes, it is reported that though QAM and QPSK have the same spectral efficiency, low BER is achieved in case of QPSK. This work shall be useful for the FSO application even in poor weather conditions.

Keywords: Free space Optics, CO-OFDM, PDM, Acceptable link range, OSNR, BER

[1]. A.Kumar, A.Dhiman, D.Kumar, N.Kumar, "Free Space Optical Communication System un er Different Weather Conditions", IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 52-58, 2013.
[2]. V. V. Sudheer and A. Mandloi, "Enhanced coherent optical OFDM FSO link using diversity for different weather conditions IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT), 2016, pp. 1221-1225, doi: 10.1109/RTEICT.2016.7808026.
[3]. M. Singh, J. Malhotra, M.S. Mani Rajan, D. Vigneswaran, M.H. Aly, "A long-haul 100 Gbps hybrid PDM/CO-OFDM FSO
transmission system: impact of climate con itions an atmospheric turbulence" Alexandria Eng. J. (2020) ,10.1016/j.aej.2020.10.008.
[4]. P. Patel, V. Mishra and V. Singh, "Performance analysis of CO-OFDM FSO system under different weather conditions," 2014 2nd International Conference on Emerging Technology Trends in Electronics, Communication and Networking, 2014, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ET2ECN.2014.7044972.
[5]. G. Kaur, D. Srivastava, . Singh, Y. arasher, "Development of a novel hybri DM/OFDM technique for FSO system and its
performance analysis",Optics & Laser echnology,Vol. 109, 019.