iosr-JECE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2015

Abstract: Microstrip patch antennas represent one family of compact antennas that offer a conformal nature and the capability of ready integration with communication system's printed circuitry. In this paper, a 2.4 GHz circular polarization microstrip antenna is designed and simulated. The selected microstrip antenna is a dual–fed circular polarized microstrip antenna. The antenna consists of circular patch and 3 dB hybrid coupler. The dual – fed circular polarized microstrip antenna is etched on a FR4 with dielectric substrate of 4.6 with the height of 1.6 mm. Circular polarization is obtained when two orthogonal modes are equally excited with 90° phase difference between them. Circular polarization is important because regardless of the receiver orientation, it will always be receiving a component of the signal. This is due to the resulting wave having an angular variation.

Keywords: Microstrip patch antenna, Hybrid coupler, circular patch, Polarization, WLAN.

[1] Pramendra Tilanthe, P. C. Sharma, and T. K. Bandopadhyay, "Gain Enhancement of Circular Microstrip Antenna for Personal
Communication Systems," IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, No.2, April 2011.
[2] J. -Y. Park, C. Caloz, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh, "A compact circularly polarized subdivided microstrip patch antenna," IEEE Microwave
Wireless Component Letters, vol. 12, pp. 18-19, Jan 2002.
[3] S. Zhang, C. Zhu, J. K. O. Sin, and P. K. T. Mok, "A novel ultrathin elevated channel low-temperature poly-Si TFT," IEEE
Electron Device Lett., vol. 20, pp. 569–571, Nov. 1999.
[4] D. A. El Aziz and R. Hamad, " Wideband Circular Microstrip Antenna For Wireless Communication Systems," Radio Science
Conference, pp. 1-8, March 2007.
[5] Constantine. A. Balanis, " Antenna Theory Analysis and Design,"2nd ed., John Wiely and Sons,Inc., 1997.

Abstract: The growth of the Internet has frequently increased the availability of digital data such as text, audio, images and videos to the public. Digital watermarking is one of the important techniques to secure digital data in the field of authentication, copyright protection and security. The non-blind watermarking systems have a main problem that for extracting the watermark image from the watermarked image, the original image is required. Due to this it required more memory in both sender and receiver and double bandwidth in communications channel. In this paper a solution and more effective non-blind video watermarking depends on using image interlacing as a new way in the watermarking systems. In this paper DWT based watermarking technique, the frames selected from a video is get decomposed through the DWT in 3-levels and watermark is embedded into the low frequency sub-band of a original frame by using alpha blending technique and the Arnold transform is one of the popular symmetric key as an encryption and decryption method. The results obtained by these techniques are further compared and analyzed.

[1] Sasmita Mishra, Amitav Mahapatra,Pranati Mishra, "A Survey on Digital Watermarking Techniques," International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 4 (3), 451-456, 2013

[2] B. Pushpa Devi and Kh. Manglem Singh, "Dual Image Watermarking Scheme based on Singular Value Decomposition and Visual Cryptography in Discrete Wavelet Transform," International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 50 – No.12, July 2012.

[3] Nirbhay Kashyap, Shailendra Narayan Singh, "Analysis of Multimedia Watermarking Techniques" International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014

[4] S.Elango, Dr.G.Thirugnanam, R.Shankari, "A Survey of Digital Video Watermarking Techniques for Copyright Protection and Authentication," International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Vol. 4, Issue 4, April 2015

[5] Rini T Paul, "Review of Robust Video Watermarking Techniques," IJCA Special Issue on "Computational Science - New Dimensions & Perspectives" NCCSE, 2011.

Abstract: Steganography is defined as the process of hiding information in a multimedia carrier. In this paper, video is taken as a carrier to hide information. To achieve Undetectability and robustness of the hidden data, Random Scan approach is used. To make the data more secure encryption is done on the data before hiding. Experimental results show that MSE, PSNR are better forMLSB technique whereas Correlation factor is better for Random scan technique.

Keywords: Modified Least Significant bit (MLSB), Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Correlation..

[1] S.D. Thepade and S.S. Chavan, Cosine, Walsh and Slant Wavelet Transforms for Robust Image Steganography, Tenth International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks (WOCN), 2013, 1-5.

[2] K.S.Jenifer, G. Yogaraj and K. Rajalakshmi, 2014, approach for Video Steganography to embed Images, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 5(1), 2014, 319-322.

[3] R.G Bal, P.Ezhilarasu,An Efficient Safe and Secured Video Steganography Using Shadow Derivation, International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 2, 2014, 3251-3258. [4] I. Premi and S. Kaur,Random Scan Algorithm for image steganography inScilab for security purposes, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 3(12), 2014, 8876-8879.

[5] D. Samidha and D. Agrawal, Random Image Steganography in Spatial Domain, International Conference on Emerging Trends in VLSI, Embedded System, Nano Electronics and Telecommunication System, 2013, 1-3.