iosr-JDMS   Volume-6 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: Obesity, a result of unhealthy consumption, coupled lack of physical activity, is itself a serious health risk. The key to the control of epidemics of obesity is primary prevention. The basis of prevention is therefore identification of the major risk factors and their prevention and control. A Descriptive epidemiological study using cross sectional design was carried out among seven thirty subjects of 15-64 yr age group in a village with primary objective of finding out the prevalence of various risk factors and to see the association in between. Interview was taken using a schedule modified in line with IDSP questionnaire [11] taking into account the local needs and resources. Data was collected on socio demographic variables, risk factors of obesity by house to house visit after obtaining informed verbal consent. Study population consisted of 57% male, 70% Hindu, 20% illiterate and 35 % unemployed respondents. 22.9% gave smoked and smokeless tobacco use history, 75.2% current tobacco users, 21% current drinkers, 38.5% had sedentary lifestyle, nearly 50% added extra salt most of the times, 80% use unsaturated oil. Sixty subjects had BMI of more than 30.0. Significant association was found with age group, per capita income, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, physical activity, salt intake with food and intake of oils/fat.(P<.01). Finally motivation for improvement in life style is the million dollar suggestion.

Key Words: Obesity, IDSP questionnaire, verbal consent, BMI

[1] World health organization report 2000. p.6
[2] Haslam DW, James WP (2005). Obesity . Lancet 366 (9492): 1197–209.
[3] World health organization report 2000. p.9
[4] NICE 2006. p.10–11
[5] Imaz I, Martínez-Cervell C, García-Alvarez EE, Sendra-Gutiérrez JM, González-Enríquez J. Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity. A meta-analysis. Obes Surg 2008; 18 (7): 841–6.
[6] Barness LA, Opitz JM, Gilbert-Barness E (December 2007). Obesity: genetic, molecular, and environmental aspects. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 2007; 143A (24): 3016–34.
[7] Woodhouse R . Obesity in art: A brief overview. Front Horm Res. Frontiers of Hormone Research 2000; 36: 271–86.
[8] Caballero B. The global epidemic of obesity: An overview. Epidemiol Rev2007; 29: 1–5.
[9] Obesity and overweight: World Health Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
[10] Seidell 2005 p.5

Abstract: Autoimmune disorder is an umbrella term for a variety of painful conditions involving a malfunction in the body's complex immune system. In a normal immune response to an infection or invasion, the immune system causes a temporary inflammation while it kills off the invader cells. In autoimmune disorders, this inflammation becomes chronic, causing pain and permanent changes or damages the involved tissues. There is no specific cause for autoimmune disorders; they show patterns of remission and recurrence and they are difficult to diagnose because the specific disorders have different possible symptoms and individual symptoms varies. This article introduces a number of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory myopathies. It includes a definition of autoimmune diseases as well as a short explanation of immunity.

Key words: autoimmune disease, autoimmunity, immune disease, immune tolerance, reactive arthritis

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[8]. Blumberg RS, Saubermann LJ, Strober W. Animal models of mucosal inflammation and their relation to human inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2000; 12: 226

Abstract: Sexual assault on women is an evil trend in the society. Human beings of all age and sex may have the misfortune of experiencing this crime in their lifetime. The present study was conducted on 53 victims of alleged sexual assault with the objectives to reveal their socio demographic profile & medico legal consequences. The current study shows in most cases the perpetrators of the crime are known to the victim. The victims may or may not have detectable physical injuries. In some cases even in consensual relationship complain of sexual assault comes into play when breach of trust results. Another heinous sort of crime is committed on children who are too young to resist or even understand the consequences of the act. This type of study may help to enhance public awareness, which can increase reporting of incidents and to frame appropriate measures to diminish such events in society.

Keywords – Genital injury, Sexual assault, Victim

[1] Rape Abuse and Incest National Network [Online] Available from http://www.rainn.org/statistics dated 18/4/2013 [2] Aggrawal Anil Forensic and Medico –legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices, Chapter 10: Rape, CRC Press Taylor & Francis group, 2009, page 212
[3] Donalee Brown , Sonia Reyes , Brienne Brown & Meredith Gonzenbach (2013): The Effectiveness of Group Treatment for Female Adult Incest Survivors, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22:2 Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10538712.2013.737442 dated 18/4/2013 [4] Aggrawal Anil, Forensic and Medico –legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices, Chapter 2: Pedophilia & Child Sexual Abuse, CRC Press Taylor & Francis group, 2009, page 53
[5] Patricia L. Fanflik. Victim response to sexual assault counteractive or simply adaptive [Online] .August 2007Available from: https://www.vaw.umn.edu/documents/victimresponsesexualassault/victimresponsessexualassaultpdf.pdf Cited18/04/2013
[6] Rape Abuse and Incest National Network [Online] Available from http://www.rainn.org/statistics dated 18/4/2013
[7] Hidden Art Domestic Abuse Information [Online].Available from http://www.hiddenhurt.co.uk/sexual_abuse.html cited on 18/4/2013
[8] Baujat Patricia L. Fanflik. Victim response to sexual assault counteractive or simply adaptive[Online] .August 2007fromhttps://www.vaw.umn.edu/documents/victimresponsesexualassault/victimresponsessexualassaultpdf.pdfCited18/04/2013 [9] Antonia Abbey, PH.D., 143-152 Alcohol-Related Sexual Assault: A Common Problem among college students.
http://www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov/media/journal/118-abbey.pdf
[10] Marcia E. Herman-Giddens, Thomas E. Frothingham, Prepubertal Female Genitalia: Examination for Evidence of Sexual Abuse. Available from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/80/2/203.abstract dated 17/4.2013.

Abstract: Amyand hernia is presence of caecum & appendix inside the hernia sac,[2] Mostly inguino scrotal hernias and rarely femoral,incisional ,umbilicaland spigelian hernias[Table 1]. The patients report themselves as emergency case because of varying grade of pain precipitated by obstruction, incarceration, strangulation and perforation. Age and sex are not a definitive yardstick .Cases were reported from newborn to above 80 yrs in both sexes. Clinical diagnosis is puzzling.Correct diagnosis is arrived at operation table .This hernia is named after the surgeon Amyand who performed the first appendicectomy in a childs' complicated inguino scrotal swelling and sinus , the sac of which contained discharges of perforated appendix [ 1]

Keywords: Inguino scrotal swellings- sliding hernias-content caecum & appendix-Amyand hernia-pain- paediatric,geriatric,adolescent age group- causes- complications -diagnostic access.-Treatment

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[6]. Breitenstein S, Eisenbach C, Wille G, Decurtins M. Incarcerated vermiform appendix in a left-sided inguinal hernia. Hernia. 2005;9:20–2.
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[9]. Constantine S. Review of literature- Computed Tomography Appearances of Amyand Hernia. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2009;33:359–62. [Pub Med] Fukukura Y., Chang S.D.: Acuteappendicitis within a femoral hernia:multidetector CT findings. Abdominal Imaging, 2005, 30: 620-622.
[10]. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2012. V. Ravikumar et al.,Clinical study of Inguinal Hernia