IOSR-JAVS   Volume-6 ~ Issue-3 ~ NOV-DEC-2013

ABSTRACT:This study was conducted to assess the effects of agricultural Extension Methods used in conflict resolutions among pastoralists. A multi – stage proportional random sampling techniques was used for selection of 160 respondents used for the study. The result revealed that 59.38% of respondents claimed they have used truce in their conflict resolution. About 10.63% of the respondents had used tolerance in their conflict resolutions. About 42.5% of the respondents claimed that, farm and home visit extension method use truce to resolveconflict effectively.A significance test was carried out, which reveals that it is significant to use extension methods of farm and home visits, as t – value, 0.01 coefficient of Gp = 0.16 at 1% level of significant. The test also indicates that extension contact used during meetings had its t – value as 1.42, coefficient 676.65 and P – value 0.04 and significant at 1% level. Meaning that agro – pastoralists increased levels of group meeting lead to increase in conflict resolution probably because of group participation through meetings tends to increase ideas in favour of conflict resolutions. The characterization of agricultural extension methods used for conflict resolutions were embodied in social – economic realities of the agro – pastoralists. Even when the extension workers had demonstrated higher level of effectiveness (56.8%) in conflict resolution through their usual contacts with agro – pastoralists, conflict still exists between the agro – pastoralists.Based on the findings, it was recommended that;government should increase the number of well-trained extension workers with capacity for agro – pastoralists conflict resolutions and use of farm and home visits for effective conflict resolutionsby extension workers.

Key words: Extension Methods, Conflict Resolutions, Pastoralist Communities

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ABSTRACT:Nigeria is the largest producer of the mud catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in sub-Sahara Africa. However, most of the strains used in aquaculture have suffered from inbreeding and its consequences. This study was conducted to evaluate reproductive performance of wild strains of C. gariepinus from freshwater systems of Nigeria and compare with domesticated strain. Collection of broodstock for the study was made from the 6 geo-political zones of Nigeria namely: South-South, South-West, South-East, North-Central, North-East and North-West. The fish were conditioned, fed and spawned in the laboratory of Fishtech/Biotechnology Department of the Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Lagos, Nigeria. The results revealed that collection from North-West (Kebbi state) had the highest values for fertilization (89.8±2.7), hatchability (81.8±4.9) and survival (61.3±6.3) among the wild strains. This was followed by North-East having 82.7±3.1a, 79.7±8.1 and 48.7±2.1 respectively. The domesticated strain had the least of these indices: 64.8±9.5b, 60.4±6.5 and 41.0±3,8 for fertilization, hatchability and survival respectively. Although previous study indicates high performance in terms of fertilization, hatchability and survival for North-west (Kebbi) strain of Clarias gariepinus, the growth performance after 30 days of rearing from egg was lower than other strains. Mean weight was 0.98g, maximum weight 4.06g while minimum weight was 0.3g, with standard deviation of 0.3. Domesticated strain had average weight of 2.01g, maximum weight of 5.93g and minimum of 0.64±0.21g. There was also significant difference (α=0.05) in the number of shooters produced by each strain. The domesticated strain had the highest number of shooters (25±5.7) while the strain from Kebbi had the least value (8±2.1). It implies that the progeny from North-West of Kebbi were more uniform in size. The implication of the breeding potentials of Clarias geriepinus strain from Kebbi (high fertilization, hatchability and survival but poor growth), Oyo and Anambra (better growth but lower hatchability, fertilization and survival) is that if several selective breeding of these strains are carried out separately and the gene pool of Kebbi is combined with any of these two (Oyo and Anambra states), we are likely to obtain fish seed of better reproductive potential in terms of fertilization, hatchability, survival and better growth performance.

Key Word: Breeding, Performance, Clarias gariepinus, Nigerian Waters

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ABSTRACT: Garlic (Allium sativum) is probably one of the earliest known medicinal plants and has been used to improve growth and resistance of a number of livestock and fish. This study was conducted to show the effects garlic on the growth performance and nutrient utilization of fingerlings of an ecotype cichlid commonly called 'wesafu' in Nigeria. A total of 600 fingerlings (1.4 ± 0.12 g) were obtained from the hatchery of the Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos and used for the study. They were randomly assigned to 12 plastic tanks each, 0.5 m3 with a flow-through water system. Five doses of garlic,0 (control), 10g, 20g and 30g of fresh clove of garlic were mixed with 1kg feed. The control diet was free from garlic. The experiment extended lasted for 12 weeks. The results showed significantly increased weight and growth performance of the ecotype cichlid (P<0.01) in all groups fed on garlic. The mortalities were lower in diet supplemented with garlic than in the control group. The improve survival rate may be due to the enhanced immune response resulting from improved defense mechanism.

Key Words: Garlic, Growth, Nutrient utilization, Survival, 'wesafu'

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