IOSR-JAVS   Volume-6 ~ Issue-1 ~ NOV-DEC-2013

ABSTRACT:The most serious biotic constraint to finger millet worldwide is blast caused by the fungus Pyricularia grisea. Its management has been very challenging. However not a formidable control solution has been offered and therefore a need for other approachs. Actinomycetes belong to the phylum proteobacteria, they are gram +ve, terrestrial or aquatic with high guanine and cytosine content. Soil actinomycetes have antagonistic activity against a wide range of plant pathogens.This study isolated and characterizes some soil actinomycetes in Maseno area (Western Kenya) and studied their antifungal effect on P. grisea pathogenic on finger millet. Soil sample collected was dissolved in distilled water, homogenized and spread over modified Kuster's agar. Colonies of actiomycetes were isolated as from the fourth day of incubation. . Finger millet heads and leaves displaying symptoms of blast were collected and Pyricularia grisea isolated on autoclaved powered finger-millet debris and maintained on PDA. A single steak of actinomycetes culture was made on a fresh Kuster's agar and incubated for 3-4 days at 26 0C -28°C, and P. grisea, 20 mm, at right angles to the original streak of actinomycetes. The results indicate that isolates AT2 and AT4 are pathogenic to Pyricularia grisea and can be a basis for bio-control of blast in finger millet.

Keywords: Finger milet, actinomycetes, pyricularia, proteobacteria, kuster's agar, biopesticide

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ABSTRACT: The debate on pesticide residues in food in India has raised awareness over contamination of our food commodities with toxic pesticide residues. Unfortunately the debate became restricted to the quality standards and norms pertaining to drinking water and foods at the point of consumption. The more fundamental problem of contamination of all natural resources with chemical pesticide residues because of faulty and hazardous agricultural technologies at the farming level is often ignored. Without solving the basic problem, no amount of standard-setting at the consumption level is going to solve the problem, especially in developing countries where enforcement of regulations is notoriously weak or even absent. Though some pesticides banned, their residues are still persisting/existing in food and environment due to its illegal use and nature of persistence. Therefore, it is essential to fan out the awareness about GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) among the farmers and strict action against the illegal use of pesticides.

Keywords: pesticide, residue, fruits, vegetable, legumes, fibre, spices, household processes, GAP

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ABSTRACT:This paper describes the economic analysis of vegetables in districts Loralai, Bolan and Killa Saifullah of Balochistan with a view to determine the production cost, current production system, input-output ratio and gaps in farm practices and finally suggest the way to fill out these gaps. Total 109 respondents were interviewed from all districts. The study was conducted through primary data collection from different vegetable growers who had planted vegetable crops. The data was collected from selected vegetable growers during the crop year, 2011-12. The additionally, information was gathered the farm size, average cost of production of vegetable was separated into for categories i.e.; fixed costs, capital costs, labor costs and marketing costs in the major vegetable growing areas. The survey results showed that all the vegetable growers applied 15-20 irrigations to vegetable crops in the study area. During the survey mostly farmers reported the production decreased as compared last year due to non-proper management, electricity problem and shortage of water. Vegetable yield in the province is well below the potential.

Key Words: Economics analysis, Vegetable, Net income, Variable cost, Cost benefit ratio, Balochistan and Pakistan

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