IOSR-JAVS   Volume-5 ~ Issue-2 ~ SEP-OCT-2013

ABSTRACT: Combining ability analysis was carried out for fruit yield and its components in okra in a 8 x 8 full diallel cross. Both general a combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances were highly significant for all the characters indicating the importance of both additive and non additive gene actions. The proportion of variance due to GCA/SCA was found to be less than unity for all the characters except for fruit length indicating predominance of non-additive gene action in determining these traits except fruit length which is determined by additive gene action. The highest gca effect for fruit yield per hectare recorded in Arka Anamika followed by Arka Abhay. The highest significant positive sca effect was observed in the cross Arka Anamika x DBh-43 followed by DBh-47 x Arka Anamika and DBh-47 x DBh-30. Based on the total score values it is observed that among the parents Arka Anmika had higher gca scores and is a good combiner followed by Arka abhay and DBh-43. Among hybrids, Arka Anamika x DBh-43 had highest sca score and is a good combiner followed by Arka Anamika x DBh-37 and DBh-30 x DBh-55 hybrids.

Keywords: Combining ability, Gene action, Diallel, Fruit yield, Okra

[1] N. Ahmed, M.A. Hakim and G.H. Zargar, Combining ability studies in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.). Veg. Sci., 24, 1997,95-98.

[2] D.R. Chaudhary, Jagmohankumar, Vidyasagar and S.K. Sharma, Line x Tester analysis of combining ability in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.). South Indian Hort., 39 (6), 1991, 337-340.

[3] K.D. Dahake and N.D. Bangar, Combining ability analysis in okra. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 31 (1), 2006, 039-041.

[4] B.S. Dhankar and S.K. Dhankar, Heterosis and combining ability studies for some economic characters in okra. Haryana J. Hort. Sci., 30 (3&4), 2002, 230-232.

[5] B. Griffing, Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing system. Australian J. Biol. Sci., 9, 1956, 463-493.

[6] V.K. Poshiya and P.T. Shukla, Combining ability in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.). Gujarath Agric. Univ. J., 12 (12), 1986, 25-28.

[7] Sanjay Singh, B. Singh and A.K. Pal, Line x Tester analysis of combining ability in okra. Indian J. Hort. December, 2006, pp. 397-401.

[8] B.R. Sharma and Y.P. Mahajan, Line and tester analysis of combining ability and heterosis for some economic characters in okra. Scientia Hort., 9, 1978, 111-118.

[9] S. Sivagamasundhari, I. Irulappan, R. Arumugam, and S. Jayasankar, combining ability in bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). South Indian Hort., 40, 1992, 21-27.

[10] A.K. Shukla, N.C. Gautam, A.K. Tiwari and A. K. Chaturvedi, Heterosis and combining ability in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.). Veg. Sci., 16,1989, 191-196.

ABSTRACT: The work was performed to investigate the efficacy of Salmonella bivalent vaccine containing Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum prepared at the Livestock and Poultry Vaccine Research and Production Centre (LPVRPC) of the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU). Purity and safety test of the vaccine was carried out as per OIE (2008). For efficacy test, vaccination was performed in Shaver brown chicken of group A containing 10 birds while group B comprising of 10 birds was maintained as unvaccinated control. Birds were inoculated primarily via intramuscular route at 7 weeks of age with 0.5ml (4.7 ×107 CFU/ ml) of vaccine followed by a booster dose at 35 days of primary vaccination (DPV). At 21 DPV (3 weeks), mean PHA antibody titre of sera samples were recorded as 104.00±11.71 with S. gallinarum and 112.00±10.47 with S. pullorum antigen whereas sera samples obtained at 35 DPV (5weeks) showed mean PHA antibody titre of 96.00±12.09 and 80.00±10.47 respectively. At 2 weeks of booster vaccination such mean PHA antibody titres were 144.00±16.00 and 136.00±24.00. LD50 were determined to calculate the challenge dose. Prior to challenge given at 4 weeks of booster vaccination the mean PHA antibody titres were found to be 104.00±11.71 with both the experimental antigens while unvaccinated control group B had ≤4.0±0.00. It was observed that the birds vaccinated with the schedule of bivalent vaccination and exhibiting mean titres of 104.00±11.71 with either S. gallinarum or S. pullorum antigens withstood the challenge infection given IM with 1ml containing 8.6×1013 CFU/ ml and 8.9×1013 CFU/ ml of virulent experimental bacterial cultures respectively. The PHA titre of group A birds analyzed by student t-test to determine the protective capacity of vaccinated chickens against challenge exposure. It was demonstrated that experimental Salmonella bivalent vaccine conferred protection against challenge infection and was found to be safe.

Keywords: Salmonella gallinarum, Salmonella pullorum, vaccine, immunogenicity, PHA titres.

[1]. Begum F, 1992. Studies on the immune response in chickens with experimentally prepared Salmonella gallinarum vaccine. M. S. thesis. Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.
[2]. Carter G. R, 1979. Diagnostic Procedures in Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycoplasma. 3rd edition. Charles C. Thomas publisher, USA, 398-417.
[3]. Chowdhury, K. A., Amin, M. M., Rahman, A. and Ali. M. R. 1985. Investigation of natural outbreaks of fowl typhoid. Bangladesh Veterinary Journal, 19: 49-56.
[4]. Ferdous, J. 2008. Immunogenicity study of DLS prepared Salmonella gallinarum vaccine in comparison to commercially available one in layer chicken. M.S. Thesis submitted to the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. pp.38- 39.
[5]. Freeman, B. A. (1985). Burrows text book of microbiology. 22nd edn. W. B. Saunders company, Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Mexici city, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, Tokyo, pp. 464- 472
[6]. Gast, R. K. (1997). Salmonella infection in Disease of poultry by B.W Calnek, H. John Barnes, Charles W. Beard, Larry R. McDougald, Y. M. Saif, 10th edition, Iowa State University Press, Iowa, USA, pp. 81-93.
[7]. Gifford, D. H.; Shane, S. M.; Hugh, J. M. and Weigler, B. J. 1987. Evaluation of biosecurity in broiler breeder. Avian Disease. 31: 339-344.

ABSTRACT: Boll guard I & II were introduced in 2002 and 2006 by Mahyco Monsanto with Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee, Govt. of India. Indian cotton farmers adopted Bt hybrid cotton between 2002-2013 reaching 92% of the cotton area and 95% of the production, replacing conventional hybrids/ varieties of all the species in both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Bt hybrid cotton was presumed to produce record highest average productivities in India and other major cotton growing countries also in 2007 and 2012 with a decline after 2008 due to excess rains. Farmers invested Rs. 1500-1750/- Acre could prevent 24-28% cotton yield losses by consuming 2.3 times more fertilizers, 35% herbicides and 22% growth regulators. Although it was reported three times returns compared to non Bt cotton due to severe inflation pressure farmers profitability got reduced and went unrest in 2011. Seed producers, marketing companies, input dealers and female labourers were major beneficiaries. Bollworms sprays were reduced to zero but sucking pests sprays were almost doubled with low volume more costly insecticides. The pest management cost remain unchanged in this decade. In conclusion, Bt cotton won the confidence of farmers for its bollworm resistance except refugea regultion. Govt. efforts for price control stabilized margin for farmers but eroded due to escalating weed management and hand picking costs after 2008. Yield gap analysis found N, Zn, Mg and B were limiting optimum yields, besides post emergence herbicides, rain water conservation/ supplemental irrigations can break present productivity levels and reduce cost of production. Public sector research agencies should follow Public private partnership model adopted by Gujarat Agriculture University, Surat for conversion Bt Hybrid-6 and 8. They need to meet farmer's expectations by developing transgenic insect and herbicide resistant cotton varieties and prove in farmers fields. Breeders must meet consumer's expectations inorder to compete with polyester fibre to get sustainable demand. Bt hybrid cotton impact on economy, input output efficiencies, reducing cost of production, policies affecting farmers profits, R&D efforts and BMPs across globe were reviewed.

Keywords: Bt hybrid cotton, Cropping systems, Events, Impact, Insect resistant cotton, profitability

[1]. CITI, Extra Long Staple Cotton Vision Statement 2006 www.simamills.com/docs/ls_ vision.pdf
[2]. Vackayil J., Textile body calls for SPV to promote long staple cotton. The Financial Express. 2007, Monday, 17th. September.
[3]. Mohanty, S. Cheng F., J. Chaudhary, Assessing the Competitiveness of Indian Cotton Production: A Policy Analysis Matrix Approach. Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) at Iowa State University, Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) Publications 01/2002; website: www.card.iastate.edu
[4]. Sharma, VP and H. Thaker, Fertilizer Subsidy in India: Who are the Beneficiaries? W.P. No. 2009-07-01 July 2009.
[5]. Barik, A., Cotton statistics at glance. Directorate of Cotton Development, Mumbai and National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi. 2010.
[6]. FAI, Fertilizer Policy Govt of India, Ministry of Fertilizers, 2013.http://fert.nic.in/page/fertilizer- policy
[7]. AICCIP, Project Coordinator's Report AICCIP - 10 Oct 2011. Central Institute for Cotton aiccip.cicr.org.in/ CD_11_12/2_PC report. pdf
[8]. Anonymous. Indian cotton production: Current scenario - The Indian Textile Journal 2012. articles/ FAdetails.asp? id=2737 Cached -www.indiantextilejournal.com/
[9]. Choudhary, B. and Gaur, K. Bt cotton in India: A Country Profile. ISAAA Series of Biotech Crop Profiles, 2010. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY.
[10]. Singh, N. B., Revolution in Indian cotton. Directorate of cotton development, Mumbai. 2009. pp 13-1