IOSR-JAVS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-6 ~ NON-DEC-2012

ABSTRACT:Salinity stress affected severely plant growth and production. Indeed, soil salinity represented one of the most important environmental stresses, which caused serious threats to agriculture and also results in the deterioration of environment. Accumulation of sodium, chloride, proline and soluble sugars was investigated in leaves, stems and roots of three alfalfa varieties (Hunterfield, Hyb.555 and Gabès) at the late bloom-early pod stage. The study was conducted in a greenhouse for 90 days of salt stress in whole-plants. Plants were irrigated with top water with four NaCl concentrations: (0 – 2.5 – 5 and 10g.l-1). Results showed that all varieties accumulated high Na+ and Cl- contents in leaves and stems. Gabès variety differed from Hunterfield and Hyb.555 with Na+ and Cl- contents significantly lower in leaves at the stressful treatments. Furthermore, Gabès proline content at 5 and 10g.l-1 NaCl in three organs was significantly higher than in the introduced varieties. Proline content in leaves, stems and roots increased with the rise of salt in pots, reaching a significantly higher level for Gabès at the stressful treatment (10g.l-1). Soluble sugar content in leaf tissue was higher in Gabès than those in the introduced varieties at the stressful treatments (5 and 10g.l-1). Contrary to the air parts (leaves and stems), soluble sugar contents in roots for Hunterfield and Hyb.555 are significantly higher, compared to Gabès variety, at the stressful treatment. This could be probably related to the difficulty in generating new leaves in Hunterfield and Hyb.555 varieties.
Key words:Alfalfa; chloride; proline; Salinity; sodium; soluble carbohydrate.

[1] Abebe T., Guenzi A.C., Martin B., Cushman J.C., 2003. Tolerance of mannitol -accumulating transgenic wheat to water stress and
salinity. Plant Physiol., 131: 1748-1755.
[2] Abraham E., Rigo G., Székely G., Nagy R., Koncz C., Szabados L., 2003. Light-dependent induction of proline biosynthesis by
abscisic acid and salt stress is inhibited by brassinosteroid in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol. Biol., 51: 363-372.
[3] Ahmad M.S.A., Ali Q., Bashir R., Javed F., Khadija Alvi A., 2006. Time course changes in ionic composition and total soluble
carbohydrates in two barley cultivars at seedling stage under salt stress. Pak. J. Bot., 38(5): 1457-1466.
[4] Ahmed A., Khalafallah T., Zinab K.M., Abd El-Gawad A., 2008. Tolerance of seven faba bean varieties to drought and salt stresses.
Res. J. of Agri. and Biol. Sci., 4(2): 175-186.
[5] Ashraf M., Bashir A., 2003. Salt stress induced changes in some organic metabolites and ionic relations in nodules and other plant
parts of two crop legumes differing in salt tolerance. Flora, 198(6): 486-498.
[6] Ashraf M., Harris P.J.C., 2004. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Sci., 166: 3-16.
[7] Azevedo Neto A.D., Prisco J.T., Enéas-Filho J., Lacerda C.F., Vieira Silva J., Alves da Costa P.H., Gomes-Filho E., 2004. Effects
of salt stress on plant growth, stomatal response and solute accumulation of different maize genotypes. Braz. J. Plant Physiol.,
16(1): 31-38.
[8] Ben Khaled L., Gõmez A.M., Honrubia M., Oihabi A., 2003. Effet du stress salin en milieu hydroponique sur le trèfle inoculé par le
Rhizobium. Agronomie, 23: 553-560.
[9] Cha-Um S., Kirdmanee C., 2009. Effect of salt stress on proline accumulation, photosynthetic ability and growth characters in two
maize cultivars. Pak. J. Bot., 41(1): 87-98.
[10] Chen T.HH., Murata N., 2002. Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other
compatible solutes. Plant Biol., 5: 250-257.

ABSTRACT:Bacteriophages or phages are the viruses that infect bacteria. Phages like all viruses are made up of a nucleic acid core which is surrounded by a protein coat. The majority of phages are known to contain DNA but some contain RNA also. In this study, four salmonella phages were isolated and were subjected to molecular characterization. All the four Salmonella phages were found to contain DNA as their genetic material. Comparison of protein profiles of phages by SDS-PAGE revealed near identical protein profiles for phages SaP2 and SaP4. Study of storage stability of phage indicated that the titer of the Salmonella phage SaP1 almost remains unaltered during the 14 days storage at different temperatures ranging from - 20oC, 4oC and 37oC. This study shows that the isolated phage have good storage stability. The isolated phages also show narrow host range.
Key words:host range, SDS-PAGE, titer, strains

[[1] A.J. Baumler, The record of horizontal gene transfer in Salmonella, Trends Microbiol, 5,1997, 318–322.
[2] A . Sulakvelidze, Z. Alavidze and J.G.J. Morris. Bacteriophage therapy, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, 45, 2001, 645-659.
[3] E. Harlow and D. Lane, Antibodies: a laboratory manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1998) 736.
[4] F.M. Burnet, Bacteriophage activity and the antigenic structure of bacteria, J. Pathol, 33, Bacteriol 1930, 647-664.
[5] F.W. Twort, An investigation on the nature of ultramicroscopic viruses, Lance, 11, t 1915, 1241.
[6] H.W. Ackermann, M.S. Dubow. Viruses of Prokaryotes, in, General Properties of Bacteriophages (Vol. I. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
1987).
[7] H. Schmieger, Packaging signals for phage P22 on the chromosome of Salmonella typhimurium. Mol. Gen. Genet, 187(3), 1982,
516–518.
[8] H.W. Smith and M B. Huggins, Successful treatment of experimental Escherichia coli infections in mice using phage: its general
superiority over antibiotics, J. Gen. Microbiol, 128, 1982, 307-318.
[9] H.W. Smith, M B. Huggins and K.M. Shaw, Factors influencing the survival and multiplication of bacteriophages in claves and i n
their environment, J. Gen. Microbiol,133, 1987, 1127-1135.
[10] J. Alisky, K. Iczkowski, A. Rapoport and N. Troitsky Bacteriophages show promise as antimicrobial agents, J. Infect, 36, 1998, 5-
15.

ABSTRACT:Sardinella lemuru or Sardine is a marine fish that contains a high amount of omega-3 that is abundant in Lombok Strait. Therefore, the genetic variation of the S. Lemuru and its omega-3 production has not been widely studied yet. Furthermore, we have analyzed the correlation between genetic variation and omega-3 content in S. lemuru in Lombok strait. The variations of the S. lemuru were analyzed by using morphology and RAPD method. The result suggested that the S. lemuru in Lombok Strait has three variants that were associated with omega-3 production. Although differences of omega-3 content in marine fish could be caused by various factors, but the differences in the omega-3 content of Sardine in Lombok strait can be assumed due to genetic variations. This study also has discovered a molecular marker based on RAPD method by using primer 5'-AAGAGCCCG to identify Sardine that has high production of omega-3 cheaply, which is very beneficial for managing the conservation of Lombok Strait.
Key words:Sardinella lemuru, omega-3, RAPD, Genetic Variations, Lombok strait.

[1]. I Gede Hendrawan, Koji Asai. Numerical Study of Tidal Upwelling Over The Sill In The Lombok Strait (Indonesia). In: Proceedings of the Twenty-first (2011) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. Maui, Hawaii, USA: the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE); 2011:949–956.
[2]. Marshall HD, Johnstone KA, Carr SM. Species-specific oligonucleotides and multiplex PCR for forensic discrimination of two species of scallops, Placopecten magellanicus and Chlamys islandica. Forensic Sci. Int. 2007;167(1):1–7.
[3]. Silva CA, Lima RCA, Teixeira AS. Isoenzyme electrophoretic patterns in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 and Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840) from the Central Amazon. Genet. Mol. Res. 2008;7(3):791–805.
[4]. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;106(21):2747–2757.
[5]. Nakamura MT, Nara TY. Structure, function, and dietary regulation of delta6, delta5, and delta9 desaturases. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2004;24:345–376.
[6]. Hastings N, Agaba M, Tocher DR, et al. A vertebrate fatty acid desaturase with Δ5 and Δ6 activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(25):14304–14309.
[7]. Khoddami, A, A.A. Ariffin, J. Bakar and H.M. Ghazali. Fatty acid profile of the oil extracted from fish waste (head, intestine and liver) (Sardinella lemuru). World Applied Sciences Journal. 2009;7(1):127–131.
[8]. Sayanova O, Haslam RP, Calerón MV, et al. Identification and functional characterisation of genes encoding the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathway from the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Phytochemistry. 2011;72(7):594–600.
[9]. Rubio-Rodríguez N, Beltrán S, Jaime I, et al. Production of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrates: A review. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 2010;11(1):1–12.
[10]. Tu WC, Cook-Johnson RJ, James MJ, Mühlhäusler BS, Gibson RA. Omega-3 long chain fatty acid synthesis is regulated more by substrate levels than gene expression. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2010;83(2):61–68.