Volume-8 ~ Issue-10 ~ October-2015

Abstract: Two novolac resins one with the mixture of ortho, meta and para cresol and other with the mixture of meta cresol and 2, 6-bis (hydroxyl methyl) –Para tertiary butyl phenol have been synthesized. 1-oxo -2-diazo naphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride and its corresponding sulfonate esters with 2,3,4-trihydroxy benzophenone and phlorobenzophenone and corresponding sulphonamides with benzidine and 6,6' diamino-2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl have been synthesized. Two new azo dyes namely Orange-1 and Lake Red-D dye one containing sulphonic acid sroup and other containing carboxylic acid group have been synthesized. Photoresist films have been casted on silicon wafer by mixing novolac resin, sulfonate ester or sulphonamide of ortho naphthaquinone diazide and the corresponding dye into the solvent mixture of acetone, xylene and ethylacetate. After soft baking the photo resist films are irradiated with UV radiation exposure.

[1]. C.A.Mack "Analytical Expression for the standing wave intensity in photoresist", Appl.opt,vol.25,No.12,1986,pp. 1958-1961.
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Abstract: Different stationary phases were used to obtain effective separation of Cr (VI), Cr(III),W(VI),V(V), and Mo(VI) from their three, four component mixtures by Thin layer Chromatography. The separations were carried out on Silica gel G, Kiselger G, cellulose, Mixture of Silica gel G and cellulose using aqueous solution of sodium acetate as Mobile phase. Of all above adsorbants, silica gel G was found to be most suitable adsorbant. The effect of concentration and pH of mobile phase on the Rf values of individual metal ions were studied and the optimum conditions for separation of metal ions from their mixture were established. Upto mixtures with four components could be effectively separated on silica gel G as adsorbent with sodium acetate as mobile phase.

Key words: Sodium acetate, Thin layer chromatography, Kiselger G, cellulose

[1]. "Determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in water using flow injection on – line preconcentration with selective adsorbtion on activated Alumina and Flame absorbtion spectrometric detection." Michel Sberling, Shukun Xu and Bernhard Wela, Anal Chem 1992, 64(24),PP3101-3108
[2]. Separation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with Saccharomy Cerevisiae immobilized in water by FAAS, Elsevier, vol 51, issue 5, 28 april 2000, Pages 896-902
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Abstract: The adsorption behavior of congored dye from aqueous solution on to activated carbon prepared from TGBP was investigated under various experimental conditions. Such as contact time, temperature, Initial pH, initial dye concentration, at initial pH of 7 and initial dye concentration were carried out by 5 to 50 ppm and adsorbent dosages were investigated. The adsorption data were found to follow the Langmuir and Freundlich model and the adsorbent equilibrium data's fit with first order and second order.

Key word: adsorption kinetic, congored (CR), equilibrium studies and Tectonagrandis Bark Powder (TGBP).

[1] Beena Janveja, Krishnakant and Jyotisharma, A study of activated Rise Husk charcoal as an adsorption of congored dye present in textile industrial wast, JPAFMAT, 8(1), 2008, 12-15.
[2] R. D Tchuifon, S.G.Anagho and E.Njanja, Equilibrium and Kinetic modeling of methyl orange adsorption from aqueous solution using rise husk and Egussl peeling, Int. J. Chem., 12(3), 2014, 741 ISSN 0972-9688.
[3] A.Rajappa, K.Ramesh, and V. Nanthakumar, Equilibrium and Isotherm studies of congored adsorption onto commercial activated carbon, Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharma. Sci., 1(3) 2014, 43-48.
[4] Jyoti Sharma and Beena Janveja, A study on removal of Congored dye from the Effluents of Textile industry using Rise husk carbon activated by steem, Rasayan J. Chem., 1, No.4, 2008, 936-942.
[5] L.Jayalakshmi, V.Devadoss and K.Ananthakumar. Adsorption of Acid orange-7 dye onto Activated carbon produced from Bentonite- A study of Equilibrium Adsorption Isotherm, Chem. Sci, Trans., 2(S1), 2013, S7-S12.

Abstract: The modification of the surface of the electrode with polyaniline greatly detected atrazine on the electrode. In this study, two types of sensors, i.e. bare and PANI modified carbon paste electrodes (CPE) were prepared and compared for their voltermetric and amperometric response towards atrazine. A low detection limit (LOD) of 0.3μmolL-1 and a dynamic working linear range of 1–18 μmolL-1 concentration of atrazine using PANI modified carbon paste electrode were obtained in comparison with No detection at on carbon paste electrode. No significant differences were encountered in the repeatability analysis of the electrodes. The proposed method (electrochemical) features unbiased identification of negative (blank) and positive samples. Importantly, this method provided a promising electrochemical sensing platform for atrazine analysis and its detection for human safety.

Keywords: Voltermetric, Amperometric, Carbon Paste Electrode, Polyaniline and Atrazine

[1]. Garrido E Manuela, Delerue-Matos Cristina, Lima JLFC and Brett AM Oliveira. Electrochemical methods in pesticides control. Analytical Letters, 2004. 37(9): p. 1755-1791.
[2]. Bedioui, Fethi, Griveau Sophie, Nyokong Tebello, Appleby A John, Caro Claudia A, Gulppi Miguel, Ochoa Gonzalo and Zagal, Jose. Tuning the redox properties of metalloporphyrin- and metallophthalocyanine-based molecular electrodes for the highest electrocatalytic activity in the oxidation of thiols. Physical chemistry chemical physics: PCCP, 2007. 9(26): p. 3383-96.
[3]. Dhand Chetna, Das Maumita, Datta Monika and Malhotra, BD. Recent advances in polyaniline-based biosensors. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 2011(6): p. 2811-2821.
[4]. M.Behera, S.Ram, Inquiring the mechanism of formation, encapsulation and stabilization of gold nanoparticles, 2011, 4, 247-254.
[5]. Refera Soreta, T., J. Strutwolf, and C.K. O'Sullivan, Electrochemical fabrication of nanostructured surfaces for enhanced response. Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry, 2008. 9(6): p. 920-7.s

Abstract: In this paper we report on the adsorption and catalytic properties of zeolite, diatomite and activated carbon. It is observed that, adsorption of ethyl acetate on zeolite, diatomite and charcoal is enhanced significantly on acidification, in the case of zeolite but suppressed in the case of diatomite and activated carbon. The adsorption efficiencies of zeolite, diatomite and activated charcoal are above 93% and is independent of the amount of solid used.

[1]. Rausell-colon J.A and Serratosa. J.M (1987). Reactions of clays with organic subtances; in chemistry of clay and clay minerals, Longman Scientific and technical publications. pp., 371-382.
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Abstract: Urbanization economic development and improved living standards in cities contribute to increase in the quantity and complexity of generated solid waste. This solid waste ultimately leads to degradation of urban environment, which leads to health problems. Solid waste management has become a major environmental issue in India. Since all natural processes generate waste. Rug Pickers play an important, but usually unrecognized role in the waste management system of Indian cities. They collect garbage in search of recyclable items that can be sold to scrap merchant like paper, plastics, tin…. etc. This activity requires no skills and is a source of income for a growing number of urban poor people. The present paper intends to present a vulnerability study of the Rag Pickers of Sidhi Municipality with focus on the socio-economic and occupational health aspects.

[1]. Kumar S., Mondal A.N., Gaikwad S.A., Devotta S. and Singh R.N., Qualitative assessment of methane emission inventory from municipal solid waste disposal sites : a case study : Atmospheric Environment, 38, 4921-4929 (2004).
[2]. Menon R.V.G.J., Joseph M., Ambat B. and Vinod V., Survey of Urban Solid Wastes in Thiruvannathapuram City, Sponsored by Hazardous Substances Management Division, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, Organized by Centre for Environment and Development, Thiruvananthapuram, 105 (1994).
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Abstract: The standard procedures were followed to analyze the proximate composition and mineral analysis of Mucuna utilis. The caloric value was calculated from crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, carbohydrate, moisture and ash content. The iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed that Mucuna utilis contained ash (6.0%), crude protein (22.94%), crude fat (2.94%), crude fiber (12.50%), moisture (12.50%) and carbohydrate (43.11%). The energy calculated gave 290.75Kcal/100g. The mineral determination gave the data that Mucuna utilis contained calcium (5.25 mg/g), phosphorus (0.02 mg/g), magnesium (1.63 mg/g), manganese (0.0mg/g), iron (0.95 mg/g), sodium (1.17 mg/g), potassium (0.13 mg/g) and zinc (0.21 mg/g).

[1] Siddhuraju P and Becker K 2001a Preliminary evaluation of Mucuna seed meal (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): An assessment by growth performance and feed utilization. Aquaculture 196: 105-123.

[2] Bressani R 2002 Factors influencing nutritive value in food grain legumes: Mucuna compared to other grain legumes. In: Food and Feed from Mucuna: Current Uses and the Way Forward (Editors, Flores B M, Eilittä M, Myhrman R, Carew L B and Carsky R J), Workshop, CIDICCO, CIEPCA and World Hunger Research Center, Tegucigalpa, Honduras (April 26-29, 2000), 164-188.

[3] Prakash D and Tewari S K 1999 Variation on L-DOPA content in Mucuna species. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science 21: 343-346.

[4] Farooqi A A, Khan M M and Asundhara M 1999 Production Technology of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops. Natural Remedies Private Limited, Bangalore, India.

[5] Nagashyana N, Sankarankutty P, Nampoothiri M R, Mohan P K and Mohan Kumar K P J 2000 Association of L-DOPA with recovery following Ayurveda medication in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurological Science 176: 124-127.

Abstract: Diseases caused by contaminated water consumption and poor hygiene practices are the leading causes of death among children worldwide. Samples of water were collected from Idi ayunre Oyo state and the physicochemical and bacteriological analysis were determined using standard methods. The pH ranged from 5.2-7.1, temperature was from 26.1 to 27.50 0C, electrical conductivity ranged from 50 to 1120 uscm,-1 total dissolved solids ranged from 183 to 559.33 mgl-1, total hardness ranged from 58.97 to 345.67, nitrate ranged from 4.8 to 35.80, manganese ranged from 0.005 to 0.013, potassium ranged from 0.65 to 41.01, sodium ranged from 46.40 to 89.84, lead ranged from ND to 0.078, cadmium ranged from ND to 0.062, iron ranged from 0.030 to 0.394, copper ranged from ND to 0.005 and zinc ranged from 0.04 to 0.210. The bacteriological parameters analysed were total viable count which had values ranging from 2.02 x 102 to 6.08 x103cfu/ml.

[1] World Health Organization (WHO) (2010). Guidelines for Drinking- water Quality. Recommendation, Geneva, p: 1-6.

[2] Okonko IO, Ogunjobi AA, Kolawale OO, Babatunde S, Oluwole I, Ogunnusi TA, Adejoyi OD, Fajobi EA (2009). Comparative Studies and Microbial Risk Assessment of a Water Samples Used for Processing Frozen Sea foods in Ijora- Olopa, Lagos State, Nigeria. EJEAF Che. 8(6): 408-415.

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[6] Edema, M.O., Omemu, A.M., and Fapetu, O.M. (2001). Microbiological and physicochemical analysis of different sources of drinking water.Nigerian Journal of Microbiology 15: 57-61.

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Abstract: Leachates from two dumpsites in Kaduna metropolis were simulated from decomposing solid waste soil samples. Three physicochemical properties and the concentration of heavy metals present in the simulated leachates were determined; adsorption studies using rice husk, sawdust and Composite Mix of both adsorbents were carried out on the simulated leachates. The heavy metal concentration of lead (2.49 – 4.80 mgL-1), nickel ( 1.40 – 1.80 mgL-1), and manganese (22.78 – 58.77 mgL-1) exceeded the guideline limits for wastewater effluents set by the National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA, 2007).

[1]. Alimba C. G., Bakare A. A. andLatunji C. A. (2006): Municipal Landfill Leachate Induced ChromosomeAberrations in rat bone marrow cells, African Journal of Biotechnology 5 (22), 2053-2057, ISSN 1684–5315.
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Abstract: The present study deals with Physico-chemical analysis of ground water quality with special reference to nitrate, for whole of the municipal area of Sidhi District head quarter of Madhya Pradesh where we have undertaken 5 different areas of Sidhi town, the parameter such as temp. ph, turbidity, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, B.O.D, total hardness, Ca, Mg, PO4, SO4, NO3, Fe, Cl, and F, were estimated in the samples to evaluate their quality. The data obtained, compared with W.H.O. and 1S : 10500 standards.

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Abstract: In this paper results obtained on the kinetics of ester adsorption on raw, acid treated and pre-heated bentonite have been presented. The infra-red profiles and the XRF spectra of the raw and acid activated bentonite have also been discussed. The change in properties of bentonite on heating and acidification are shown to affect its adsorption characteristics. The adsorption efficiencies of bentonite are high, enhanced on acidification but diminished with pre-heating.

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Abstract: Medicinal plant Celosia laxa from Shika Zaria was collected. Shade dried and was extracted. The methanol extract was partitioned using petroleum spirit, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrate, cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, combined reducing sugar. The microbial screening of the crude methanol and the chloroform extract were active against most of the microorganisms, however the chloroform extract showed more activity relative to the methanol extract. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the chloroform were carried out and the values determined respectively.

Key words: Medicinal plants, phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity, Celosia laxa

[1]. Akinmoledun AC, Ibukun EO, Afor E, Obuotor EM, Farombi EO (2007. Phytochemical constituents and ontioxidant activity of extract from the leaves of the ocimumgraticcimum. Sci. Res. Essay, 2:163-166.
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Abstract: In this study 2,3-Dimethyl-4-[(ϸ-dimethoxy(amino)benzalidene]aminoantipyrine , 2,3-Dimethyl-4-[Glutaralidene]aminoantipyrine, 2,3-Dimethyl-4-[Furfuralidene]aminoantipyrine Schiff base compounds of 4-Dimethyl-aminoantipyrine were synthesized and stabilized their molecular structure by analytical methods such as melting point and elemental analysis. These Schiff base compounds has been subject to semi-empirical study by AM1, PM3, MNDO and ZINDO1 quantum chemical methods and find out some important parameters along with Vibration mode of frequency. A good correlation has been observed between different quantum chemical methods.

Keywords: Semi-empirical, AM1, PM3 , MNDO , ZINDO1, Vibration mode Frequency.

[1] Arora K, QSAR studies of some pharmacological Schiff base compounds, Asian Journal of chemistry, 28(8),2008.5941-5946.

[2] Przybylski P, Huczyński A, Pyta K, Brzezinski B & Bartl F.,Biological properties of Schiff bases and azo derivatives of phenols. Curr Org Chem.,13, 2009, 124-148.

[3] Guo Z, Xing R, Liu S, Zhong Z, Ji X & Wang L, Antifungal properties of Schiff bases of chitosan, N-substituted chitosan and quaternized chitosan. Carbohydra Res,342(10),2007,1329-1332.

[4] Haddad R, Yousif E & Ahmed A., Synthesis and characterization of transition metal complexes of4-amino-5-pyridyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol, Springer plus, 2,510-518,2013.

[5] Arora K & Agrawal D.D., Synthesis and characterization of Lanthanide (III) Perchlorate complexes of some Schiff base ligands. Asian J. Chem., 16, 2004, 489-493.

Abstract: Leaves of Sesamum heudilotii, Annona senegalensis and Crossopteryx febrifuga used in traditional medicine for the treatment of spleen abscess were extracted individually using a sohxlet extractor. Their combined aqueous extract was also obtained. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the individual plant extracts showed the presence of tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids and alkaloids. The presence of these components shows the pharmacological property of the plants. Their combined and individual extracts were found to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extracts for Staphylococcus aureus were determined. The results are significant in health care delivery system and apparently justify the use of the plants in the treatment of Staphylococcus -related spleen abscess.

Keywords: Phytochemical screening, spleen abscess, bacteria, antimicrobial, Sesamum heudilotii, Annona senegalensis and Crossopteryx febrifuga

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